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文章来源：《动物防疫一线》
霉菌毒素分为两大类
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霉菌根据生长条件划分为田间霉菌和仓储霉菌两种。田间霉菌是指青霉菌属（主要分泌桔霉素），镰刀菌属（主要分泌T-2毒素、呕吐毒素DON、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素等），麦角菌属（主要分泌麦角毒素），这类霉菌通常是谷物在生长过程中就已感染。
仓储霉菌主要是指饲料或原料在储存过程中产生的霉菌，以曲霉菌属为主，曲霉菌属（主要分泌黄曲霉毒素AFT、赭曲霉毒素等）。
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霉菌毒素在哪里存在？
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有研究证实，只要有适宜的环境，霉菌毒素可在农业生产的任何环节产生。根据联合国粮农组织报道，世界上每年大约有25%的谷物被各种霉菌毒素污染，现已知的霉菌毒素已超过400种，但并不是每种霉菌毒素都有毒。
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霉菌毒素所引起的动物临床症状取决于
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霉菌毒素所引起的动物临床症状主要决定于4个方面：
1、毒素类型，摄入量和接触时间
2、动物的种类、性别、饲养环境、年龄、健康程度和免疫力高低
3、养殖场的管理(卫生、温度和饲养密度)
4、饲料中霉菌毒素间的互作效应
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养猪生产中罪魁祸首的毒素有哪些？
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养猪生产中影响最大的毒素是黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮。其中黄曲霉毒素B1是目前已知自然界中最强的致癌物，毒性比氰化钾大10倍，比砒霜大68倍。玉米赤霉烯酮是一种雌激素类似物，猪食用之后扰乱生殖内分泌平衡，引起流产、受胎率下降及仔猪阴门红肿等病症。
此外。伏马毒素和呕吐毒素也会造成较大影响。伏马毒素的主要靶器官为肺脏，造成免疫抑制，使猪群对呼吸道病原抵抗力下降。呕吐毒素因大量情况下会引起呕吐而得名，主要损害猪的消化道，影响饲料适口性和采食量。
几种霉菌毒素同时存在于饲料原料和配合饲料是很常见的现象，但霉菌毒素间的协同作用对动物健康和生产性能的影响比任何一种霉菌毒素单独作用的危害都要大。目前有6种霉菌毒素是最常见的：黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉素、麦角毒素、呕吐毒素和T-2毒素。
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国家标准如何规定饲料中的霉菌毒素最高量？
The English version
Article source: "a line for animal epidemic prevention"
 The mycotoxins are divided into two broad categories
Mold according to mold growing conditions are divided into the field and warehousing mold two kinds. Field mold refers to penicillium (mainly secreted citrinin), sickle bacteria genera (mainly secreted, vomiting toxins DON T - 2 toxin, corn gibberellic ketene, fu ma toxin, etc.), claviceps (mainly secreted ergot toxins), this kind of mold is usually grain growth process in the infection.
Warehousing mold is mainly refers to the feed or raw material in the storage process of the mold, with aspergillus species is given priority to, aspergillus species (mainly secreted aflatoxin AFT, ochre and aspergillus toxin, etc.).
Where is the mycotoxin exist?
Studies have confirmed that as long as there is a comfortable environment, mycotoxin produced any of the processes involved in agricultural production. According to the United Nations food and agriculture organization (fao), the world each year, about 25% of the grain is all sorts of mycotoxin contamination, has more than 400 kinds of mycotoxin known but not every mycotoxin poison.
Clinical symptoms depend on the mycotoxin caused by animals
Animal clinical symptoms caused by mycotoxins mainly depends on four aspects:
1, toxin type, intake and contact time
2, the kinds of animals, sex, breeding environment, age, degree of health and immunity
3, farm management (health, temperature, and density) feeding
4, interaction effect between the mycotoxins in feed
What are the main culprit of toxins in pig production?
Toxin is the greatest influence in the production of pig aflatoxin B1 and corn gibberellic ketene. The aflatoxin B1 is in nature the strongest known carcinogens, toxicity is 10 times greater than potassium cyanide, 68 times larger than arsenic. Corn gibberellic ketene is a kind of estrogen analogues, farming in disrupt the reproductive endocrine balance, after abortion, conception rate decline and piglet vulva redness and other symptoms.
In addition. V horse toxins can cause great influence, and vomiting. V horse toxin's main target organs as the lungs, causing immune suppression, makes pigs decreased respiratory pathogen resistance. Vomiting toxins named by a large number of cases can cause vomiting, major damage to the pig's digestive tract, and affect palatability of feed intake.
Several mycotoxins exists in feed ingredients and feed at the same time is a very common phenomenon, but the synergy between mycotoxin effects on animal health and production performance than the harm of any kind of mycotoxin separate function. There are 6 kinds of mycotoxins are the most common: aflatoxin, corn gibberellic ketene, ochratoxin, ergot toxin, vomiting toxins and T - 2 toxin.
How to stipulate the national standard of feed mycotoxins in the highest quantity?
 
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