霉菌毒素是产霉菌在粮食或饲料上生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒二次代谢产物，至今检测到的霉菌毒素已超过350种，据统计，全球每年有25%的谷物被霉菌毒素所污染，目前我国饲料中霉菌毒素的检出率在90%以上，带菌量超过国家标准的约为50%，其中对猪危害最大的主要有6种毒素，即黄曲霉毒素、（AF）、呕吐毒素（DON）、T—2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮（F2毒素）、烟曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素。猪采食带有霉菌毒素的饲料后，出现生长发育停滞、繁殖障碍（死精、不孕、死胎等）、消瘦、抗病力下降等症状，给养猪生产造成较大的经济损失，具体表现在以下三个方面：
1、 引发疾病 可导致急性或慢性中毒，主要造成肝脏、肾脏的损害以及肠道出血、腹水、消化机能障碍、神经症状和皮肤病变，但在临床上除非大量毒素的急性中毒一起死亡外，以及表现繁殖障碍、流产等，因此许多症状一般不具有指征性和特异性，很难确认是由于霉菌毒素中毒所致，同时轻微或少量的临床表现，在霉菌毒素中毒后很容易被忽略。
2、 破坏免疫系统 霉菌毒素对动物机体免疫系统破坏造成的免疫抑制是其最为重要和最为本质的危害，霉菌毒素除直接使畜禽中毒致死外，更为重要的是使畜禽的免疫机能和生产性能下降，长期处于亚健康状态，造成了许多的免疫失败和频频严重发生且难以预防的疾病，如某些霉菌毒素可使胸腺萎缩，抑制或降低淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的活性，抑制抗体和细胞质产物以及巨噬细胞和噬中型细胞反应器的功能，致使体液免疫和细胞免疫障碍等，它们都可严重降低免疫应答功能。近几年来许多畜禽养殖场广泛存在疾病频发与难以防治，或大量使用疫苗免疫后抗体仍达不到应有水平甚至免疫失败的现象，都与霉菌毒素的中毒有密切关系。2006年夏季许多地方严重发生“猪无名高热症”，据调查报道，饲料霉菌毒素是促使发病的元凶之一。
3、降低饲料品质 直接造成食欲下降，采食减少。并可造成饲料单项营养物质损失14~20%，最高可达31.5%，同时干扰营养物质的吸收，降低消化酶的活性，从而降低饲料转化率，致使饲料消耗增加，生产性能下降。
预防及治疗：
首先，我们应当选用好的原材料，如玉米、麸皮、豆粕。对于玉米来来说，我们表面上看，有时没有发霉，那只是表面现象。有的发霉外表示看不出来的，1000粒玉米中有一个发霉，那已经是很严重的了。同时，我们应在饲料中添加质量较好的脱霉剂，如霉毒脱，具有物理吸附、生物催化、阳离子交换等作用，吸附容量大、达到联合国粮农组织FAO所制定的抗霉菌毒素祛毒剂标准。
发生霉菌毒素中毒后，应立即停喂发霉饲料，更换优质饲料，在添加霉毒脱的同时对症治疗。
⑴ 用硫酸钠30-50克，液体石蜡50-100毫克，加水500-1000毫克灌服，以排出肠内毒素，保护肠粘膜。
⑵ 出现脑水肿，用20%甘露醇1-2克/千克体重静注，每天2次。
⑶ 出现阴道脱垂和肛脱的，应先清洗消毒后采用外科手术法进行缝合，并用消炎药物治疗。
⑷出现腹水、肺水肿、出血、肾肿、拉稀及精神萎靡等症状时，可静脉滴注葡萄糖+维生素C+肌苷，保肝护肾；必要时氟苯尼考肌注或拌料控制继发感染。
The English version
Mycotoxins are produced in the process of the mould to grow on food or feed, toxic secondary metabolites have been detected mycotoxins has more than 350 species, according to the statistics, each year 25% of the grain pollution by mycotoxins, at present our country of mycotoxins in feed rate over 90%, more than the national standard of quantity of pathogen of about 50%, one of the most harmful to the pig mainly has six kinds of toxins, namely the aspergillus flavus toxin and toxin (AF), vomiting (DON), T - 2 toxin, corn gibberellic ketene toxins (F2), smoke aspergillus toxin, ochre and aspergillus toxin. Feed pigs with mycotoxins in feed, stagnant growth and reproductive disorders (dead sperm, infertility, stillbirth, etc.), weight, the symptom such as disease resistance drop, cause large economic loss to pig production, embodied in the following three aspects:
1, cause disease Can lead to acute or chronic poisoning, the main cause liver, kidney damage and intestinal hemorrhage, ascites, digestive dysfunction, neurological symptoms and skin lesions, but clinical acute poisoning death unless a large number of toxin, and reproductive disorders, such as abortion, therefore many symptoms generally have no indications and specificity, it is difficult to confirm is due to the mold toxin poisoning, mild or a small amount of clinical manifestation at the same time, after the mold toxin poisoning is easy to be ignored.
2, damage the immune system mycotoxin on animal immune system damage caused by immune suppression is the most important and the dangers of the most essential, mycotoxins in addition to directly kill livestock poisoning, more important is to make the animal immune function and production performance, in a sub-health state for a long time, the immune failure and caused many serious happen frequently and is difficult to prevent diseases, such as certain mycotoxins can make thymus atrophy, inhibit or reduce the activity of lymphocytes and macrophages, inhibition antibody and cellular products as well as the function of macrophages and medium-sized cell autophagy reactor, the humoral immunity and cellular immune dysfunction and so on, they can reduce the function of the immune response. Frequent in recent years many diseases of livestock and poultry farms are widespread and difficult to control, or a large number of vaccine immune antibody of any level still even after the phenomenon of failure, all have close relationship with the mold toxin poisoning. The summer of 2006, many places of serious occurrence unknown high fever "pig", according to the survey reported that feed mycotoxins is one of the main causes of the disease.
3, lower the quality of feed Directly cause the loss of appetite, to reduce food intake. And can feed single nutrients loss 14 ~ 20%, the highest can amount to 31.5%, interfere with the absorption of nutrients at the same time, reduce the activity of digestive enzymes, thus reducing feed conversion rate, the feed consumption increases, the production performance degradation.
Prevention and treatment:
First of all, we should choose good raw materials, such as corn and bran and soybean meal. For corn to us on the surface, sometimes not moldy, that is a surface phenomenon. Some moldy say look not to come out, outside with a mold in 1000 grains of corn, that was very serious. At the same time, we should be added in the feed quality good mildew agent, such as mold toxin, with physical adsorption, biological catalysis, cation exchange, such as large adsorption capacity, by the United Nations food and agriculture organization (FAO) set by the FAO mycotoxin remove poison resistance standard.
After the mold toxin poisoning, should immediately stop forage moldy, replacement of high quality feed, while adding mildew poison off symptomatic treatment.
30-50 g (1) with sodium sulfate, liquid paraffin, 50-100 mg, add water 500-1000 mg irrigation, to intestinal endotoxin, protect the intestinal mucosa.
Cerebral edema, with 20% mannitol static note 1 to 2 g/kg weight, 2 times a day.
(3) a vaginal prolapse and anal off, should be used after cleaning and disinfection suture surgical method, and anti-inflammatory medication.
(4) in ascites, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, kidney is swollen, diarrhea, and the symptoms such as depression, but intravenous drip glucose, vitamin C + + inosine, protect liver kidney protection; When necessary fluorobenzene nicol, intramuscular injection or mixing materials control secondary infections.
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