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一、猪病常见病理名词解释
1、萎缩：是指已发育正常的实质细胞积缩小，可以伴发细胞数量的减少。
2、肥大：细胞、组织和器官体积的增大，称为肥大。
3、增生：实质细胞的增多称为增生，增生可导致组织、器官的增大。细胞增生也常伴发细胞肥大。
4、变性：是指细胞或细胞间质受损伤后因代谢发生障碍所致的某些可逆性形态学变化。表现为细胞浆内或细胞间质内有各种异常物质或是异常增多的正常物质的蓄积，并伴有功能下降。
5、细胞水肿：是细胞轻度损伤后常发生的早期病变，好发于肝、心、肾等实质细胞的胞浆。细胞水肿的主要原因是缺氧、感染和中毒。去除病因后，水肿的细胞可恢复正常。
6、 脂肪变：细胞浆内甘油三酯（或中性脂肪）的蓄积称为脂肪变或脂肪变性。起因于营养障碍、感染、中毒和缺氧等。多发生于肝细胞、心肌纤维和肾小管上皮。
7、粘液样变性：是指间质内有粘多糖（透明脂酸等）和蛋白质的蓄积。常见于间叶组织肿瘤、风湿病、动脉粥样硬化和营养不良时的骨髓和脂肪组织等。镜下：间质疏松，有多突起的星芒状纤维细胞散在于灰蓝色粘液样的基质中。
8、坏死：是活体内范围不等的局部细胞死亡，死亡细胞的质膜（细胞膜、细胞器膜等）崩解、结构自溶（坏死细胞被自身的溶酶体酶消化）并引发急性炎症反应。
9、凝固性坏死：坏死的细胞的蛋白质凝固，还常保持其轮廓残影。这可能是由于死死局部的酸中毒使坏死细胞的结构蛋白和酶蛋白变性，封闭了蛋白质的溶解过程。凝固性坏死好发于心肌、肝、脾、肾等。
10、干酪性坏死：是彻底的凝固性坏死，是结核病的特征性病变。镜下：不见坏死部位原有组织结构的残影，甚至不见核碎屑，肉眼观：坏死呈白色或微黄，细腻，形似奶酪，因而得名。
11、纤维素性样坏死：曾称为纤维素样变性。发生于结缔组织和血管壁，是变态反应性结缔组织病（风湿病、类风湿性关节炎等）和急进性高血压的特征性病变。镜下，坏死组织成细丝、颗粒状的红染的纤维素（纤维蛋白）样，聚集成片块。纤维素样坏死物质可能是肿胀、崩解的胶原纤维（由于抗原-抗体复合物引 发），或是沉积于结缔组织中的免疫球蛋白，也可能是由血液中渗出的纤维蛋白原转变成的纤维素。
12、糜烂：皮肤、粘膜处的浅表性坏死性缺损称为糜烂。较深的坏死性缺损称为溃疡。
二、按病猪的热型曲线（热型曲线是指每日两次测得的病猪体温数值的连线）将体温分为
1、稽留热：即高热持续数天不降，且昼夜体温温差在1 ℃以内。这是致热原在体内持续存在并不断刺激体温调节中枢的结果。常见于猪瘟、丹毒、流感、大叶性肺炎、猪急性痢疾、急性传染性胸膜肺炎等。
2、弛张热：即昼夜体温变化超过1 ℃，但不降至正常体温的状态。常见于小叶性肺炎、胸膜炎、灶性化脓性疾病、急性猪肺疫、猪丹毒及许多败血症。
3、间歇热：即病猪的发热期和无热期有规律地交替出现。发热持续期或间歇期的长短不等，随致热物质进入血液，作用于神经中枢的时期和持续时间而变化。发热时表现出恶寒、战栗、多汗等症状，进入间歇期则症状消失。常见于血孢子虫病、支气管炎及化脓性局灶性感染、败血型链球菌及局部化脓性疾病。
4、不定型热：即发热持续时间不定，体温变动无规律，体温曲线不规则。常见于许多非典型疾病，多见于非典型猪瘟及其它典型传染病。
三、药理学常见的名词解释
1、药物：指可以改变或查明机体的生理功能及病理状态，可用以预防、诊断和治疗疾病的化学物质。
2、对因治疗：用药目的在于消除原发致病因子，彻底治愈疾病。
3、对症治疗：用药目的在于改善症状。
4、副作用：由于药物选择性低，药理效应涉及多个器官，当某一效应用做治疗目的时，其他效应就称为副作用。
5、毒性反应：指剂量过大或药物在体内蓄积过多时发生的危害性反应。
6、变态反应：即过敏反应。常见于过敏体质病人，反应性质与药物原有效应无关，用药理性拮抗药解救无效。反应的严重程度差异很大且与剂量无关。
7、效价强度：指能引起等效反应（一般采用50%效应量）的相对浓度或剂量，其值越小则强度越大。
8、半数有效量：指能引起50%的实验动物出现阳性反应时的药物剂量。
9、半数致死量：指能引起50%的实验动物死亡时的药物剂量。
四、临床免疫学名词解释
1、抗体：是机体在抗原刺激下，由浆细胞产生的具有特异性的免疫球蛋白，它可与相应抗原发生特异性结合的特性。
2、佐剂：为了促进抗体的产生，可在注射抗原的同时，加入一种辅助剂，这种辅助剂称为佐剂，应用最多的福氏佐剂，是由石腊油、羊毛脂和卡介苗混合而成。
3、免疫系统：由主宰或执行机体免疫功能的器官、组织、细胞和分子所组成的一个系统称为免疫系统。它是机体免疫机制发生的物质基础。
4、免疫活性细胞：在免疫应答过程中起核心作用的是淋巴细胞，其中接受抗原刺激后，能发生特异性免疫应答的淋巴细胞称为抗原特异性淋巴细胞，或称免疫活性细胞（ICC），即T细胞和B细胞。
5、免疫应答：是机体免疫系统对抗原刺激所产生的以排除抗原为目的的生理过程。免疫应答的过程可以人为地分成三个阶段：抗原识别阶段、淋巴细胞活化阶段、抗原清除阶段。
6、抗原处理：是指辅佐细胞将天然抗原转变为可被TH细胞识别形式的过程，它包括抗原变性、降解和修饰等。
7、干扰素：是由多种细胞产生的具有广泛的抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用的可溶性糖蛋白。
8、自身耐受：又称自然耐受，即正常情况下，免疫系统对宿主自身的组织和细胞不产生免疫应答。
9、获得性耐受：是由于人工给予非己抗原诱导而形成的耐受。
10、自身免疫：正常情况下，免疫系统对宿主自身的组织和细胞不产生免疫应答，这种现象称为身免疫耐受。当某种原因使自身免疫耐受性削弱或破坏时，免疫系统就会对自身成分产生免疫应答，这种现象称为自身免疫。
11、变态反应：由免疫炎症或其他免疫应答机制所致的组织损伤或功能障碍称为变态反应，也叫超敏反应。
12、抗原：指能够诱导机体免疫系统发生免疫应答，产生抗体和〈或〉致敏淋巴细胞，并能与相应抗体和（或）致敏淋巴细胞在体内外发生特异性反应的物质。
13、免疫原性 ：是指抗原分子能诱导免疫系统发生免疫应答，产生抗体和（或）致敏淋巴细胞的特性。
14、反应原性：是指抗原分子能与免疫应答产物，即抗体和〈或〉致敏淋巴细胞在体内外发生特异性反应的特性。
15、抗原决定簇：抗原物质表面的能决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团，又称表位。
16、免疫细胞：免疫细胞泛指所有参加免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞及其前身，主要包括造血干细胞、淋巴细胞、单核/巨噬细胞及其它抗原提呈细胞、粒细胞、肥大细胞和红细胞等。
17、干扰素：因其具有干扰病毒感染和复制的能力而命名，根据来源和理化性质的差异可分为IFN-α、IFN-γ、IFN-β三类。IFN-α和 IFN-β主要由白细胞和成纤维细胞产生，统称为I型干扰素，通常由病毒感染诱导产生IFN-γ主要由活化的T细胞和NK细产生，称为Ⅱ型干扰素，通常由 抗原与有丝分裂原诱导产生。干扰素具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用。
18、免疫粘附：是指细菌或免疫复合物激活补体、结合C3b/C4b后，与表面具有相应补体受体的红细胞和血小板结合，形成较大的聚合物的现象。大分子聚合物易被体内吞噬细胞吞噬清除，对机体有益。
19、免疫球蛋白：是指具有抗体活性或化学结构与抗体相似的球蛋白。主要存在于血液和某些外分泌液中，也可作为抗原识别受体存在于B细胞表面。
The English version
A, pig disease common pathological noun explanation
1, shrinking: refers to the essence of the development of normal cell product has narrowed, can with a reduction in the number of cells.
2, hypertrophy: the increase of volume of cells, tissues and organs, is called hypertrophy.
3, proliferation, increased parenchymal cells called hyperplasia, hyperplasia can lead to the increase of tissues and organs. Cell hyperplasia is a constant companion hair cell hypertrophy.
4, modified: refers to the cell or after mesenchymal cells damaged by metabolic disorder caused by some of the reversible morphological changes. Experience or inside the cell plasma cell contains many different abnormal interstitial substance or the accumulation of abnormal increase of normal matter, accompanied by functional decline.
Is 5, cellular edema: cell injury often occur after the early pathological changes, occurs in liver, heart and kidney parenchyma cell cytoplasm. Cell edema, hypoxia, infection, and is the leading cause of poisoning. After removing the cause, edema of the cells can be back to normal.
6, fat: cell plasma triglycerides (or neutral fat) accumulation is called fat or fatty degeneration. Due to nutritional disorders, infection, toxicity, and oxygen. Develops in liver cells, myocardial fibers and renal tubular epithelium.
7, myxoid degeneration: refers to the stroma contains mucopolysaccharide (transparent fatty acid, etc.) and the accumulation of protein. Common in mesenchymal tissue tumors, rheumatism, atherosclerosis and malnutrition, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. Microscopically, interstitial loose, how processes the astral form fiber cells is grey blue myxoid stroma.
8, necrosis: is a range of local cell death in vivo and dead cell plasma membrane (cell membranes and organelles membrane, etc.) disintegrating, structure autolyzed (dead cells are own lysosomal enzyme digestion) and cause acute inflammation.
9, coagulation necrosis: protein coagulation necrosis of cells, also often keep their profile. This may be due to local acidosis hover the structure of the dead cells protein and enzyme protein denaturation, closed the dissolution process of protein. Coagulation necrosis occurs in myocardium, liver, spleen, kidney, etc.
10 is thorough, caseous necrosis: coagulation necrosis, is characteristic of TB lesions. Microscopically, the original organization structure the ghosting see necrotic areas, even not see nuclear debris, macroscopic view: necrosis is white or light yellow, delicate, shaped like a cheese, so its name.
11, fiber necrosis: once called fibrinoid degeneration. Occur in connective tissue and blood vessel walls, is allergic connective tissue disease, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) and radical characteristic lesions of hypertension. Microscopically, the necrotic tissue into filaments, granular red dye cellulose (fibrin) sample, gathered into pieces. Fibrinoid necrosis material may be swelling and disintegration of collagen fibers (due to the antigen antibody complex), or immune globulin in the deposition in connective tissue, may also be by fibrinogen blood seeps into the fiber.
12, erosion, skin, mucous membrane of superficial necrotizing defect known as erosion. Deeper necrotizing defect called ulcer.
Second, according to the sick pigs hot type curve (hot type curve is measured twice a day sick pigs temperature numerical attachment) will be divided into body temperature
1, continued fever that do not fall high fever for several days, and body temperature day and night temperature difference within 1 ℃. This is to heat the original persists in the body and the result of stimulation of the temperature regulating center). Common in swine fever, erysipelas, influenza, lobar pneumonia, acute dysentery, acute infectious pleuropneumonia pigs, etc.
2, remittent fever: day and night temperature changes more than 1 ℃, but it does not drop to normal temperature state. Common in lobular pneumonia, pleurisy, focal suppurative diseases, acute pig lung disease, swine erysipelas and many sepsis.
3, intermittent fever, the sick pigs stage of fever and no hot regularly appear alternately. Fever stage continuous or intermittent vary in length, along with the hot material into the blood, ACTS on the nerve center of the period and duration. Fever when showing the evil cold, tremor, the symptom such as sweat, symptoms disappear into the break. Spores found in blood disease, bronchitis and suppurative focal infection, blood group and local suppurative streptococcus disease.
4, not finalize the hot: duration of fever, irregular temperature changes, temperature curve is irregular. Common in many atypical disease, see more at atypical swine fever and other infectious diseases typical.
Three common noun explanation, pharmacology
1, drug refers to can change or to find out the body's physiological functions and pathological state, could be used in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of chemicals.
2, for the treatment: the purpose is to eliminate the primary pathogenic factor, completely cure the disease.
3, symptomatic treatment, the purpose is to improve symptoms.
4, the side effect: selective low due to drugs, pharmacological effect involving multiple organs, when a certain effect for therapeutic purposes, other effects are called side-effects.
5, toxic reaction: refers to the excessive or drug dosage is overmuch occurs when harmful reactions in the body.
6, allergy: allergic reaction. Common in patients with allergic constitution, nature of the reaction has nothing to do with the original drug effect, drug rational antagonist medicine rescue is invalid. The severity of the reaction difference is very big and has nothing to do with the dose.
7, titer strength: refers to the equivalent reaction can cause (generally adopt) 50% effect of relative concentration or dose, the smaller its value, the greater the intensity.
8, median effective dose: refers to can cause 50% of experimental animals appeared positive reaction of doses.
9, median lethal dose: refers to can cause 50% of the experimental animals died when the dose of drug.
Four, clinical immunology noun explanation
Antibody: 1, is the body under the antigen stimulation produced by plasma cells has the specificity immune globulin, it can be combined with the corresponding antigen specific features.
2, adjuvant: in order to promote the production of antibodies, but at the same time of injection of antigen, join a auxiliary agent, this kind of adjuvant called adjuvants, applied the most adjuvant's blessing, consists of paraffin oil, lanolin and BCG vaccine.
3, the immune system: performed by the master or the body's immune function of organs, tissues, cells and molecules made up of a system is called the immune system. It is the body's immune mechanism of material base.
4, immune active cells: in the process of the immune response is lymphocytes, plays the core role of antigen stimulation, can happen specific immune response of lymphocytes called antigen specific lymphocytes, or immune active cells (ICC), namely, T cells and B cells.
5, immune response, is the body's immune system to an antigen stimulation to eliminate antigen for the purpose of physiological processes. Immune response can be artificially divided into three stages: the process of antigen recognition stage, stage of lymphocyte activation, antigen sweep phase.
6, antigen processing: refers to the natural antigen for cells would turn into to be TH cell identification in the form of a process, it includes antigen degeneration, degradation and modification, etc.
7, interferon: is produced by many cells have a wide range of antiviral, anti-tumor and immune regulation of soluble glycoprotein.
8, their tolerance: also called natural tolerance, namely, under normal circumstances, to host their own tissues and cells of the immune system does not produce the immune response.
9, acquired resistance: it is because human gives the antigen induced to form a tolerance.
10, autoimmune: under normal circumstances, to host their own tissues and cells of the immune system does not produce the immune response, this phenomenon is called the body immune tolerance. As some reason make the immune tolerance to weaken or damage, the immune system can produce immune response to their composition, this phenomenon is called autoimmune.
11, allergy: caused by immune inflammation or other immune response mechanism of tissue injury or dysfunction called allergy, also called hypersensitivity.
12, antigen: refers to can induce immune response, the body's immune system to produce antibodies and lymphocytes, sensitization to < or > and (or) and corresponding antibody sensitized lymphocytes in the matter of specific reaction in vivo and in vitro.
13, immunogenicity: refers to the antigen can induce immune response, the immune system to produce antibodies and (or) sensitization characteristics of lymphocytes.
14, the original sex: refers to the antigen molecules and immune response, namely antibodies and lymphocyte sensitization to the < or the > outside the characteristics of specific reaction in the body.
15, antigenic determinant: antigens on the surface of the material can make special antigen specific chemical group, also known as table.
16, immune cells, immune cells refers to all the participants in the immune response or related to immune response of the cell and its predecessor, mainly including hematopoietic stem cells, lymphocyte, monocyte/macrophage and other antigen presenting cells, granulocytes, mast cells and red blood cells, etc.
17, interferon: because of its interference virus infection and the ability to copy and naming, based on the differences of the sources and physical and chemical properties can be divided into interferons alpha, IFN - gamma, IFN - beta three categories. Interferons alpha and IFN - beta is mainly produced by white blood cells and fibroblasts, collectively known as type I interferon, often induced by virus infection IFN - gamma is mainly produced by the activation of T cells and NK fine, called interferon Ⅱ type, usually by antigen and mitogen induced. Interferon antiviral, anti-tumor and immune regulation.
18, immune adhesion: refers to bacteria or immune complex activate complement, combining C3b/C4b, with appropriate complement receptor and surface of red blood cells and platelets, form a larger phenomenon of polymers. Macromolecular polymer easily consumed by phagocytic cells in the body to clear, beneficial to the body.
19, immune globulin: refers to with antibody activity or chemical structure similar to antibody globulin. Mainly exist in the blood and some fluids outside, also can be used as antigen recognition receptors exist in the surface of B cells.
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