1 前言
霉菌毒素是农作物或动物性蛋白因霉菌而产生的有毒代谢产物，对人和动物具有广泛的毒性作用，人或动物食入被霉菌毒素污染的食物或饲料后就会引起霉菌毒素中毒。霉菌种类繁多，约12万多个种，其中能产生毒素的有170余种，它们广泛存在土壤、空气、水及腐败有机物上，范围遍及全世界。据联合国粮农组织（FAO）统计，全球每年大约有25%的农作物不同程度地受到霉菌毒素的污染，约有2%的农作物因污染严重而失去饲用价值，每年由此造成的经济损失可达数千亿美元。我国受霉菌毒素污染的情况更为严重，中国农科院畜牧所的一项调查表明，配合饲料中不同程度霉菌毒素的污染达80%以上，每年由霉菌毒素造成的直接经济损失达500亿以上。由此可见，霉菌毒素污染已成为影响饲料业发展的一大危害，如何认识和防控霉菌毒素已经成为能否解决饲料安全的突出问题。
2 霉菌毒素产生原因
在饲料生产过程中，饲料原料、生产工艺、管理等任何一个环节的不合理都可能导致霉菌毒素的产生。
2.1 原料饲料原料霉菌毒素感染主要发生在田间收割和储藏过程中。在田间，植物受霉菌感染的因素很多，包括土壤的水分、播种收割的时期、植病的发生、杂草、鸟类及害虫等。在储藏过程中，饲料仓库潮湿、鼠害严重，库区未经常清扫和定期消毒、堆垛不合理、库存时间过长、运输时受到雨淋、曝晒等都容易引起霉变。此外，饲料原料受霉菌感染的程度也与其的成熟度、颗粒的完整度等有较大关系，成熟度差及破损粒较多的原料易受霉菌的侵染。石永峰等人关于玉米破碎粒和整粒谷物中串珠镰孢菌B1毒素的含量的研究表明，碎粒及其它谷物废料中的霉菌毒素含量是整粒谷物的30倍~500倍。
2.2 加工工艺生产颗粒料过程中，如果设备选择不当，或使用过程中调整校对不准确，导致颗粒料冷却时间不够或风量不足，使得产品水分含量及料温过高，这样的产品装袋后易发生霉变。未定期清理饲料管道中积存的物料，形成霉积料，脱落后进入成品仓和包装袋，可以导致整批颗粒料霉变。
2.3 管理因素饲料和原料的长期存放，或是存储地点通风不畅、环境潮湿都易导致霉菌毒素产生。此外，运输过程中日晒、雨淋也容易引起饲料和原料的霉变。
3 霉菌毒素的危害
使用含有霉菌毒素的饲料，将导致畜禽采食量下降、生产性能降低，严重者可直接导致畜禽死亡。
3.1 霉菌毒素对猪的伤害：改变饲料的养分组成；降低动物对养分的利用率；霉菌毒素诱发多种动物疾病；动物组织器官受损，主要危害肾脏、肝脏、生育器官；胚胎的致死率、流产比例增加，外阴道炎，乳房肿大，奶水减少，哺乳仔猪抵抗力下降，母猪淘汰率增加，利用年份减少，公猪精液质量下降；免疫系统功能受到干扰，表现免疫力低下、疫苗不能正常发挥作用，对疾病易感性高；动物采食量下降，胃肠道炎症，生长速度下降。
3.2 霉菌毒素对家禽影危害：产蛋率、受精率下降；降低日增重和饲料报酬；口腔溃疡，拒食；角色苍白，蛋黄及皮肤色素差，头部脱毛，羽毛松乱；免疫机能下降，死亡率增加。
3.3 霉菌毒素危害机理：（1）霉菌毒素的毒性危害作用有一个共同点，那就是免疫抑制。一般认为，其作用机理可能是霉菌毒素与机体DNA和RNA结合，抑制其合成进而影响机体蛋白质合成，从而降低动物免疫力。（2）霉菌毒素通过改变细胞膜的结构，诱导脂类发生过氧化反应。霉菌毒素通过改变抗氧化剂的浓度，影响抗氧化酶的活性，从而诱发细胞的过氧化反应。（3）霉菌毒素诱导细胞程序性死亡。霉菌毒素通过直接影响关键酶或通过改变细胞中抗氧化剂与氧化剂之间的平衡，尤其是降低细胞中还原性谷胱甘肽浓度，激发细胞程序性死亡。
4 霉菌毒素的检测方法
污染饲料的霉菌毒素主要有以下几种有：黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素、单端霉曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、丁烯酸内酯、红色青霉素、黄绿青霉素等，其检测方法各异。
4.1 黄曲霉毒素B1（ATFB1）
黄曲霉毒素B1是当今世界上发现最强的致癌物质之一，直接对人类、动物的生命安全构成危害。许多国家已对黄曲霉毒素B1的限量标准进行提高，并逐渐成为国际贸易中的技术壁垒。目前，在食品及饲料ATFB1的国家检测标准中提出了三种测定方法，即薄层层析法、液相色谱法和酶联免疫吸附法。薄层层析法是检测ATFB1最常用方法，也是我国测定食品及饲料中ATFB1国家标准检测方法，该法设备简单、易于普及，为国内外广泛使用，但该法样品前处理繁琐，且提取和净化效果不够理想，影响检测的精确度。液相色谱法可同时分离多种黄曲霉毒素，操作简便，定量精确，适于大批量样本分析，但由于仪器昂贵，未能广泛应用。酶联免疫吸附法是通过抗黄曲霉毒素B1抗体与酶标抗原、待测抗原的竞争免疫反应以及酶的催化显色反应相结合来检测ATFB1的含量，前处理简单，灵敏度与前两种相当或更高，具有更广阔的应用前景。
4.2 T-2毒素
T-2毒素是常见的污染田间作物和库存谷物的主要毒素．目前，主要的检测方法为液相色谱法、气相色谱法及免疫法。液相色谱－质谱联用技术由于不需要针对T-2毒素进行衍生化处理，具有较高的灵敏度和特异性，目前已成为包括T-2毒素在内的单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素的最为广泛的分析检测方法。免疫法、酶联免疫吸附分析法具有样品前处理简单快速方便、特异性和灵敏度高、不需要昂贵的仪器设备等特点，比较适合推广普及。T-2毒素的免疫检测方法由卫生部食检所于1991年建立，方法最低检出量为1ng/ml，敏感范围为4ng/ml~1000ng/ml。
4.3 脱氧雪腐镰刀茵烯醇（DON）
DON又名呕吐毒素，是一种有很强细胞毒性、胚胎毒性、一定致畸性、弱致癌性且影响免疫系统的真茵毒素。DON经对甲基苯甲醛喷雾后呈黄色，卫生部食检所于1986年建立了DON薄层层析检测方法，1992年建立了免疫检测方法，方法最低检出量为5ng/ml，敏感范围为5ng/ml~1000ng/ml，该法已批准为国家标准。小麦、面粉、玉米及玉米粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇限量标准已于1996年9月1日颁布实施，最高允许量1000g/kg。
4.4 玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）
玉米赤霉烯酮是由禾谷镰刀菌等菌种产生具有雌激素作用的真菌毒素，能造成动物急慢性中毒，引起动物繁殖机能异常甚至死亡，可给畜牧场造成巨大经济损失。目前，对ZEN的检测方法主要有：薄层色谱测定方法、高效液相色谱法和酶联免疫吸附测定法。我国于2005年将薄层色谱法列入其国标检测方法，最低检测量为20ng。薄层色谱法对实验室仪器设备要求低，一般的实验室即可实施，但此方法操作烦杂，耗时，测定时用目测半定量，主观影响较大，灵敏度不高，此方法需大量接触ZEN标准品，浪费毒素，又不利于保护操作者的健康，不适用于检测大批样品的实际需要。高效液相色谱法具有准确度高、灵敏性强、可微量测定等优点，是欧盟国家目前玉米赤霉烯酮毒素检测最常用的方法，昂贵的设备和对样品中毒素较高纯度的要求，导致检测周期长，成本高，无法满足大批量样品快速筛选的需要，所以在我国使用受到限制。
4.5 赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）
它是由多种生长在粮食（小麦、玉米、大麦、燕麦、黑麦、大米和黍类等）、花生、蔬菜（豆类）等农作物上的曲霉和青霉产生的。至今已有11个国家制订了食品（1g/kg～50g/kg）和动物饲料（100g/kg～1000g/kg）中OTA的限量标准。我国尚无粮食中OTA的限量标准，其检测方法也仅限于薄层色谱法和ELISA法，薄层色谱法为半定量法，ELISA法尚未经仪器法验证。
5 存在的问题
中国是世界第一养殖大国，养殖业受霉菌毒素影响首当其冲，据不完全统计中国养殖业由此造成的损失每年都在500亿以上。而近年来广泛流行的动物疫情与饲料中霉菌毒素造成免疫抑制有很大的关联，饲料中霉菌毒素已正式被欧美国家认定为动物疫情源头。我国霉菌毒素的认识和防控主要存在以下几方面问题。
5.1 相关法律法规不完善，到目前为止在霉菌毒素方面只有黄曲霉毒素列在法令里，而其他霉菌毒素并没有明确的法律法规。即便是对黄曲霉毒素的限定，各国的标准也是不统一的，这种法律法规必然难以适应当今的国际性贸易，一个全球性的统一的霉菌毒素标准的建立刻不容缓。
5.2 传统的霉菌毒素检测技术已经难以满足生产一线需求，使得生产单位在面对各种原材料霉菌污染时一直处于滞后控制的被动局面。目前社会所公认并广泛使用的霉菌毒素检测技术主要有：一类是生物学检测法，包括种子发芽试验、呕吐试验和皮肤毒性试验等，但是检测结果的时效性很差；另一类是理化检测法，薄层色谱法（TLC）和高效液相色谱法（HPLC）。TLC虽然简便，但灵敏度差；HPLC虽然灵敏度高，但样品处理烦琐，操作复杂，仪器昂贵，标准品耗用大。还有一类是利用免疫化学原理开展的实验室快速检测法，如ELISA方法——-即酶联免疫法，由于种种条件的限制也难以满足生产一线现场快速检测的要求。
5.3 我国霉菌脱毒技术尚处于不成熟状态，对霉菌毒素、去毒方法研究较晚，还没有较为清楚系统的认识。广泛为人所接受并使用的物理、化学和生物学方法降解和吸附饲料中霉菌毒素，很难在饲料中大量、有效并且低成本的实现。
6 建议
霉菌毒素能够通过食物链对人类健康造成重大威胁，在实际生产中我们要对其危害要有清晰的认识，积极采取措施从多种途径多种角度入手，减少霉菌毒素对动物健康及生产性能的不利影响。我国对霉菌毒素的研究起步较晚，我国饲料卫生标准GB13078-2002年才第一次对饲料中的黄曲霉B1有了安全限量标准，2007年才对呕吐毒素公布了限量标准。我国许多养殖业生产者对霉菌毒素给生产造成的危害认识不足，存在着片面的甚至错误的观点，它给生产造成的无形损失也是十分惊人的。针对我国实际生产状况，现提出以下几点建议。
6.1 提高对霉菌毒素的认识，建立溯源体系。加强饲料生产企业从业人员的科学文化水平，提高其对霉菌毒素危害性的认识，建立针对性有侧重点的霉菌毒素控制体系，避免花费过多精力和金钱却得不到很好的效果。从采购、生产、储存、运输等环节进行控制，对每一批次饲料的原料来源、加工工艺条件、成品储存和运输过程加强监管，进行详细记录，建立可跟踪可追溯的控制系统。
6.2 完善霉菌毒素相关法律法规，建立一套完整的霉菌毒素数据库。修正国家现有的饲料毒素标准，把真正危害中国饲料工业的主要毒素黄曲霉毒素、烟曲霉毒素列入法定标准，把次要的毒素如呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、T-2毒素、DAS毒素列入参考标准，霉菌毒素限量标准尽可能与国际标准接轨，避免对外贸易过程中其他国家利用技术壁垒对我国农业造成阻碍。分季度和年度对大宗原料、饲料进行霉菌毒素批量检测，实时监控毒素的阳性检出率、含量水平、阳性中值。通过统计分析，总结在不同时节霉菌毒素含量随天气、温度、地域差异的变化，分类设定不同区域的不同原料霉菌毒素的监控种类和毒素含量范围，建立一套完整的霉菌毒素数据库，为采购原料提供霉菌毒素预警，同时指导原料在配方中的合理选择和有效搭配。
6.3 利用现代生物学技术，生产出一种能够快速精准并且定量的检测霉菌毒素产品。在现有霉菌检测技术基础上，应用免疫学检测方法将便携式霉菌毒素检测试剂管大量投入生产，并广泛应用于生产一线现场的快速检测，使得霉菌毒素检测可以快速精确并且简便的实现。
6.4 建立理想霉菌毒素吸附剂模型，开发新型复合霉菌毒素脱毒剂。理想霉菌毒素吸附剂应有以下几点特征：具有广谱的霉菌毒素吸附特性；可以通过粪便排出霉菌毒素；可改善家畜的生产性能；能恢复机体器官功能；可以恢复免疫功能；能向动物提供必需养分；吸附剂不能促生长剂，促生长的特性可能会掩盖霉菌毒素的中毒症状。理想的毒素吸附剂应具备只吸附毒素，不吸附营养物的特点。理想霉菌毒素吸附剂模型建立为今后霉菌毒素吸附剂研发指明了方向，为未来新型霉菌毒素吸附剂提供了必要条件。受地域环境和气候条件等因素的影响，常常是多种霉菌毒素同时在饲料中出现，使得霉菌毒素引起的有害影响更加复杂。任何一种单一的吸附剂都不能将所有霉菌毒素都吸附，因为不同霉菌毒素分子有不同的理化性质，因此通过将不同类型的吸附剂进行适当配比研发出一种新的复合型霉菌毒素吸附剂是未来发展趋势。
霉菌毒素对畜禽生长、畜产品及人类健康造成危害以及经济上的重大损失，这已是无可争议的事实。近几年随着原料价格不断攀升，越来越多粮食副产物被使用，使得饲料中霉菌毒素问题愈演愈烈。因此，完善我国的饲料霉菌毒素标准体系有利于解决饲料安全问题，保障百姓健康，保护生态环境，实现饲料工业持续良性发展，提高我国饲料和畜禽产品在国内国际市场的竞争力，更加从容应对市场给我们带来的机遇和挑战。
The English version
1 introduction
Mycotoxins are crop or animal protein for mould and produce toxic metabolite, for people and animals have toxic effects, person or animal feed into the mycotoxin contamination of food or feed after can cause mold toxin poisoning. There are many different kinds of mold, about more than 120000 species, which can produce toxin has more than 170 kinds, they widely exist on organic matter, soil, air, water and corruption throughout the world. According to the United Nations food and agriculture organization (FAO), the world each year, about 25% of the crop from mycotoxin contamination in different degrees, about 2% of the crops because of serious pollution and loss of forage value, the resulting economic losses can be up to hundreds of billions of dollars every year. The mycotoxin contamination is more serious in our country, according to a survey by the Chinese academy of agricultural sciences' animal husbandry, compound feed in different degrees of mycotoxin contamination above 80%, and each year by mycotoxins caused direct economic losses of more than 50 billion. Thus, mycotoxin contamination has become a big threat to affect the feed development, how to understand and control mycotoxin has become can solve the problems of feed safety.
2 mycotoxin causes
In the process of feed production, feed raw materials, production technology, management and so on any one link may result in unreasonable mycotoxin produced.
2.1 raw material feed ingredients mycotoxin infection occurred mainly in the field in the process of harvesting and storing. In the field, the plant by fungus infection of many factors, including soil moisture, seeding the harvest period, the occurrence of plant disease, weeds, birds and insects, etc. In the process of storage, warehouse feed moisture, severe rat, regular cleaning and disinfection regularly reservoir area, unreasonable stacking, storage time is too long, transported by rain and exposure is likely to lead to mildew. In addition, feed raw materials affected by the degree of fungal infection and its maturity, grain of integrity has great relations, such as low maturity and damaged grain more vulnerable to infection of mold materials. Shi Yongfeng fragment of grain and whole grain, and others about the corn beaded B1 of fusarium oxysporum toxin content in the study, debris and other grains of mycotoxin content in waste is whole grain, 30 ~ 500 times.
2.2 processing technology in the process of the production of granular material, if improper equipment selection, or adjust the proofreading is not accurate, in use process cause grain cooling time is not enough or insufficient air volume, makes the product moisture content and temperature is too high, so that products are prone to mildew after bagging. Did not accumulate in the regular cleaning of feed pipe materials, forming mould material, fall off after the finished products warehouse and packing bag, can lead to the whole batch of grain mildew.
2.3 management long stored, of the material and the factors of feed or storage location ventilation, environmental humidity is easy to cause the mycotoxin. In addition, the transport process in the sun, the rain also easy to cause of the material and the feed mildew.
3 the dangers of mycotoxin
Using containing mycotoxins in feed, resulting in a decline in livestock and poultry feed intake, production performance, severe cases can be directly led to the deaths of livestock and poultry.
3.1 mycotoxin damage to the pig: change of feed nutrient composition; Reduce animal utilization of nutrients; Mycotoxin induced by a variety of animal diseases; Animal tissues and organs damaged, the main harm kidneys, liver, reproductive organs; Embryonic lethality, rising rates of miscarriage, vaginitis, breast enlargement, milk, lactation piglet resistance drop, sow elimination rate increases, the use of year decrease, boar semen quality drop; Disturbance of immune system function, low immunity, the vaccine can't normal work, high susceptibility to disease. Animal feed intake down, gastrointestinal inflammation and growth rate decline.
3.2 mycotoxin shadow damage of poultry: laying rate, fertilization rate decline; Reduce the daily gain and feed remuneration; Oral cavity ulcer, refus feeds; Role is pale, egg yolk, or skin pigment is poor, the head hair removal, feathers loose chaotic; Immune function decline, increased mortality.
3.3 mycotoxin harm mechanism: (1) the toxicity of harmful effects of mycotoxin have one thing in common, that is immunosuppression. It is generally believed that the mechanism may be mycotoxin combined with the body's DNA and RNA, inhibit the synthesis, in turn, affect the body protein synthesis, thereby reducing animal immunity. (2) the mycotoxin by changing the structure of the cell membrane, induced lipid peroxidation. Mycotoxin by changing the concentration of antioxidants, influence the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which induce cell peroxidation. (3) the mold toxin induced programmed cell death. Mycotoxin by directly affects the key enzyme or by changing the balance between cell antioxidants and antioxidant, especially lower reducing GSH concentration in the cell, stimulate the programmed cell death.
4 mycotoxin detection method
Contaminated feed mycotoxins basically has the following kinds: aflatoxin B1, ochre and aspergillus toxin, single-ended mould aspergillus toxin, corn gibberellic ketene, crotonic acid lactone, yellow, green, red, penicillin penicillin, etc., the different test method.
4.1 aflatoxin B1 (ATFB1)
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the strongest carcinogens found in the world today, directly to human and animal life safety hazards. Many countries have to improve the standard of set limit to aflatoxin B1, and gradually become technical barriers in international trade. At present, in food and feed ATFB1 national testing standards, puts forward three methods for determining the thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent method. Thin layer chromatography is the most commonly used method in detecting ATFB1, also is our country in food and feed ATFB1 national standard testing method, the equipment is simple, easy to popularize, is widely used at home and abroad, but the sample pretreatment, extraction and purification effect is not ideal, and influence the accuracy of the test. Liquid chromatography separation at the same time a variety of aflatoxin, easy to operate, quantitative precision, suitable for large sample analysis, but due to the expensive instrument, failed to a wide range of applications. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent method is by aflatoxin B1 antibody and enzyme standard antigen, competition for the antigen immune reaction and enzyme catalytic chromogenic reaction combined to detect the content of ATFB1 pretreatment is simple, and the former two kinds of equal or higher sensitivity, it has a wide application prospect.
4.2 T - 2 toxin
T 2 toxin is a common field crops and grain inventory main toxin pollution. At present, the main detection methods for liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and immunoassay. Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry technology due to no need for T - 2 derivatization toxins, and has high sensitivity and specificity, which is a single ended, including T 2 toxin, spore of alkene mycotoxin analysis detection method is the most widely. Immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis method is convenient and fast sample preparation is simple, high specificity and sensitivity, don't need expensive equipment etc, and is suitable for popularization. T 2 toxin immune detection method was established in 1991 by the ministry of health food inspection, detection method is the minimum quantity of 1 ng/ml, the sensitive range of 4 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml.
4.3 DNA snow sickle wormwood enol (DON)
DON and vomiting toxins, poisonous to the cells is a kind of strong, weak embryo toxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity and the liposome toxins that affect the immune system. DON yellow after spray to methyl benzene formaldehyde, was established in 1986 by the ministry of health food inspection DON thin-layer chromatography detection method, immune detection method is established in 1992, the detection method is the minimum quantity is 5 ng/ml, sensitive range for 5 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml, the law has approved as the national standards. DNA in wheat, flour, corn and corn flour snow sickle germ enol evaluation standard was issued in September 1, 1996, the highest allowances 1000 g/kg.
4.4 corn gibberellic ketene (ZEN)
Corn gibberellic ketene is by the valley of grain sickle bacteria strains produce estrogen effect such as fungal toxins, can cause acute or chronic poisoning animals, animal reproduction function abnormality and even death, can be caused huge economic losses to livestock farm. Currently, the main detection methods of ZEN: thin layer chromatographic method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method. In 2005, our country will thin layer chromatography (TLC) listed in the national standard test method, minimum detectable amount to 20 ng. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) requirements for laboratory instruments and equipment is low, general laboratory can be implemented, but this method all the operation, time-consuming and determination in the visual semi-quantitative, subjective influence is bigger, the sensitivity is not high, this method requires a lot of contact with ZEN standard, waste toxins, and not conducive to protect the health of operators, is not suitable for detection of the actual need of the sample. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with high accuracy, strong sensitivity, determination of trace etc, and is the eu countries are corn gibberellic ketene toxin detection is the most commonly used method, expensive equipment and the requirement of high purity of samples toxin, lead to test cycle is long, cost is high, can't meet the needs of the rapid screening of large sample, so use is restricted in our country.
4.5 ochratoxin A (OTA)
It is made of a variety of growth in grain (wheat, corn, barley, oats, rye, rice and millet class, etc.), peanuts, vegetables (such as beans) produced by aspergillus and penicillium on the crops. With 11 countries formulate food (1 g/kg ~ 50 g/kg) and animal feed (100 g/kg to 1000 g/kg) in the standard of set limit to OTA. There is no food in the standard of set limit to OTA in China, and its detection methods are limited to thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ELISA method, thin layer chromatography (TLC) for the semi-quantitative method, ELISA method has not been verified by instrument method.
Five problems
China is the world's first breeding powers, bear the brunt of the breeding industry affected by the mycotoxin, according to incomplete statistics China farming the resulting loss in more than 50 billion each year. And has been widely popular in recent years animal outbreaks and mycotoxins in feed immunosuppression caused by a lot of associations, mycotoxins in feed source of animal epidemic situation has officially been recognized as the European and American countries. Our understanding and the prevention and control of mycotoxin mainly exist the following problems.
5.1 relevant laws and regulations is not perfect, so far only in terms of mycotoxin aflatoxins are listed in the law, while other mycotoxin and there is no explicit laws and regulations. Even to the demarcate of the aflatoxin, national standard is not unified, the laws and regulations will be difficult to adapt to today's international trade, a global the establishment of a unified standard of mycotoxin is urgently needed.
5.2 traditional mycotoxin detection techniques have been difficult to meet the demand of production line, make the production units in the face of all kinds of raw materials mold pollution has been lagging the control of the passive situation. At present socially recognized and widely used mycotoxin detection techniques mainly include: one kind is biology assay, including seed germination experiment, vomiting and skin toxicity test, etc., but the timing of the test results is very poor; Another kind is the physical and chemical tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). TLC, although simple, the sensitivity difference; HPLC, while high sensitivity, the sample handling troublesome, complex operation, instrument is expensive, standard cost. There is one kind is using immunochemical principle to carry out laboratory tests quickly, such as ELISA method -- - namely, enzyme-linked immunoassay, due to various constraints is also difficult to meet the requirements of rapid detection of the scene production line.
5.3 mould detoxification technology in China is still in its immaturity, mycotoxins, methods to poison study late, has not been a clear system of acknowledgement. Be widely accepted and use of physical, chemical and biological degradation and adsorption mycotoxins in feed, it is difficult to a lot in the feed, the realization of effective and low cost.
Six Suggestions
Mycotoxin could poses a major threat to human health through the food chain, in the actual production we must has a clear understanding of the harm from a variety of ways a variety of angles, take active measures to reduce the mycotoxin on animal health and production performance. Study of mycotoxin starts late in our country, our country feed hygiene standard GB13078-2002 years for the first time have on aflatoxin B1 in the feed safety evaluation standard, in 2007 to vomiting toxins released evaluation standard. Many aquaculture producers of mycotoxins in China to produce the damage is insufficient, there exists a one-sided or wrong ideas, it gives the invisible loss caused by production is also astonishing. In view of the actual production situation in China, put forward the following Suggestions.
6.1 to improve understanding of mycotoxin, establish the traceability system. To strengthen the scientific and cultural level of feed production enterprise employees, improve their awareness of mycotoxin harmfulness, establish targeted focus mycotoxin control system, to avoid spending too much energy and money is not very good effect. From procurement, production, storage, transportation, raw material source, for every batch of feed processing technology conditions, finished product storage and transportation process to strengthen supervision, carries on the detailed record, can track the traceability of the control system is established.
6.2 improve mycotoxin relevant laws and regulations and establish a complete set of mycotoxin database. Revised national existing standard of feed toxin, the real harm China's feed industry main toxins aflatoxin, smoke aspergillus toxin in the legal standard, the secondary toxins such as vomiting toxins, corn gibberellic ketene, T 2 toxin, DAS toxins listed in reference standard, evaluation standard as far as possible in line with international standards, mycotoxin avoid other countries use technical barriers in the process of foreign trade of our country agriculture. Quarterly and annual of commodities, feed mycotoxins batch detection, real-time monitoring of toxins in the positive detection rate, levels and positive values. Through statistical analysis, summarized in different time of mycotoxin content varied with the change of weather, temperature, regional differences, different materials in different areas of the classification set mycotoxin toxin and the types of the monitoring scope, establish a complete set of mycotoxin database, provides the mycotoxin warning for purchasing raw materials, and to guide rational selection of raw materials in the formula and the effective collocation.
6.3 use of modern biological technology, produce a kind of can fast accurate and quantitative detection of mycotoxin products. On the basis of the existing mold testing technology, application of immunological detection method will portable mycotoxin detection reagent tube a lot into production, and is widely applied in rapid detection of production line, makes the mycotoxin detection can be quickly and accurately and easy implementation.
6.4 ideal mycotoxins adsorbent model is set up, develop new compound mycotoxin poison. Ideal mycotoxins adsorbent should have the following characteristics: has a broad spectrum of mycotoxin adsorption characteristics; Through its droppings mycotoxins; To improve livestock production performance; To restore the body organ function; Can restore immune function; Can provide you with the necessary nutrients to animals; Adsorbent can't growth promoting agent, the characteristics of the growth may mask the mold toxin poisoning symptoms. Poison ideal adsorbent should have only the adsorption, adsorption characteristics of nutrients. Ideal mycotoxins adsorbent model pointed out the direction of mycotoxins adsorbent for the future research and development, new mycotoxins adsorbent provides necessary conditions for the future. Affected by factors such as geographical environment and climate conditions, is often a variety of mycotoxins in feed at the same time, causing the harmful effects of mycotoxin more complicated. No single adsorbent can all mycotoxin adsorption, because different mycotoxin molecules have different physical and chemical properties, so through the different types of adsorbent proper proportion has developed a new kind of compound mycotoxin adsorbent is the future development trend.
Mycotoxin on growth of livestock and poultry, livestock, and cause harm human health, and significant economic losses, this is beyond dispute. As the raw material price is rising in recent years, more and more food by-product is used, mycotoxins in feed problems worse. Therefore, consummates our country feed mycotoxins standards system is helpful to solve the problem of feed safety, safeguard people's health, protect the ecological environment, realize the benign development of feed industry continue to improve the feed and livestock and poultry products in domestic and international market competitiveness, more easy to cope with the market brings us opportunities and challenges.
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