随着经济的快速增长，人民的生活水平和品质不断提高，中国的畜禽养殖业得到迅猛发展，然而畜禽疾病也是日新月异，越来越复杂，成为阻碍养殖业持续发展的头号敌人，当前“疫苗+抗生素”依然是广大养殖人士防治畜禽疾病的的主要模式和手段，抗生素成为了畜禽感染疾病后的救命草，广泛用于养殖业，但抗生素也是一把双刃剑，其毒副作用所带来的危害往往被人们所忽略，使用不当不仅无益，反而带来巨大损失，笔者简要概述常用各类抗生素的毒副作用和配伍禁忌，以期为大家在临床预防和治疗疾病用药提供参考。
1、β-内酰胺类
1.1 β-内酰胺类毒副作用
β-内酰胺类抗生素（β-lactams）系指化学结构中具有β-内酰胺环的一大类抗生素，包括临床最常用的青霉素类与头孢菌素类，以及新发展的头霉素类、硫霉素类、单环β-内酰胺类等其他非典型β-内酰胺类抗生素。此类抗生素具有杀菌活性强、毒性低、适应症广及临床疗效好的优点。该类抗生素的毒副作用较小，在畜禽上使用安全，在使用该类抗生素的钠盐或钾盐大剂量静脉注射时，注意高血钠、高血钾症的发生，在用青霉素治疗钩端螺旋体病时可由于病原体死亡致症状加剧，常称之为赫氏反应。
1.2 配伍禁忌
β-内酰胺类抗生素主要有青霉素类和头孢菌素类，该类药物与酸性药物如盐酸氯丙嗪、四环素类的注射液和碱性药物如磺胺药、碳酸氢钠联合使用，会沉底分解失效，还会被高浓度酒精、重金属盐以及氧化剂如高锰酸钾破坏失效，也会被Vb1、Vb2和Vc破坏而失效。β-内酰胺类抗生素与快速抑菌剂如四环素，氯霉素合用，抗菌作用减弱，因为β-内酰胺类抗生素主要是阻碍细胞壁合成的第三阶段，在细菌快速繁殖时才有强大的杀菌作用，而快速抑菌剂是阻碍蛋白质合成，抑制细菌生长，细菌快速进入静止期，如若必须联合使用，给药时顺序是先用β-内酰胺类抗生素，间隔3-5个小时再使用快速抑菌抗生素，与四环素类、大环内酯类以及林肯霉素类等抑菌抗生素配伍使用，同样抗菌作用减弱，不建议联合使用。
2、氨基糖苷类
2.1 氨基糖苷类抗生素毒副作用
氨基糖苷类抗生素（Aminoglycosides）是由氨基糖与氨基环醇通过氧桥连接而成的苷类抗生素，属静止期杀菌药，主要对革兰氏阴性菌作用强，常用主要有链霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、新霉素、大观霉素和安普霉素。该类抗生素毒副作用较大，大家比较熟悉的有耳毒性、肾毒性和肌肉阻断作用，不宜长期使用，畜禽肾功能衰竭时尽量避免使用该类药物。该类抗生素内服对肠绒毛有较大损伤作用，可引起二重感染，内服疗程要适宜，该类药物还可以通过胎盘进入胎儿组织，有致畸作用，怀孕母猪中后期慎用。
2.2 配伍禁忌
氨基糖苷类抗生素会被较强的酸、碱溶液和较强的氧化剂（如Vc高锰酸钾）、还原剂破坏而失效，属于理化配伍禁忌，该类药物毒性较强，同类药物避免配伍，以免毒性增强，与碱性药物如小苏打和氨茶碱合用抗菌作用增强，但毒性也增强，配伍时慎重，与利尿药合用，其肾毒性增大，与多粘菌素E合用，会导致骨骼肌松弛。氨基糖苷类抗生素与β-内酰胺类药物联合使用有协同作用，该组合在临床上应用较多，与喹诺酮类和多肽类抗生素合用，疗效增加，与氯霉素类抗菌作用减弱。
3、四环素类
3.1 四环素类抗生素毒副作用
四环素类抗生素（tetracycline antibiotics）是由放线菌产生的一类结构含并四苯基本骨架的广谱抗生素，常用有金霉素、土霉素、强力霉素等。该类抗生素最大特点是易与钙磷结合，沉积到牙齿和骨骼中，抑制骨骼正常生长发育，且易通过胎盘和乳汁，因此妊娠期、哺乳期和幼畜慎用。该类抗生素有轻微胃肠道反应，如恶心，呕吐和腹泻等，还有肝肾损伤作用，尤其对妊娠后期，肝功能障碍和衰竭畜禽尽量不选用该类抗生素，也易致肠道菌群失调，诱发二次感染，使用时间不宜太久，用该类抗生素治疗和保健后宜做一下微生态制剂调理胃肠。
3.2 配伍禁忌
四环素类药物一般呈酸性，不能与碱性药物配伍使用，合用会降低四环素类疗效，四环素类在胃内酸性条件下溶解度较大，四环素的等电点为ph=5.5时，在等电点附近溶解度最低，使用碳酸氢钠后，胃内ph升高，从而使四环素溶解度降低，影响了四环素的吸收，四环素避免与钙盐铁盐或含金属离子Ca、Mg、Al、Bi、Fe等药物合用，易于阳离子形成络合物，大大减少药物吸收，与氨茶碱、喹乙醇和磺胺类等碱性药物联合使用会分解失效，禁止配伍使用，与大环内酯类、氯霉素类和多粘菌素类合用疗效增强，临床可配伍使用，氯化铵可使尿液酸化，增强四环素对尿液系统的治疗作用。
4、大环内酯类
4.1 大环内酯类的毒副作用
大环内酯类抗生素是一类分子中含有14-16元大环内脂环结构的抗生素，主要作用于需氧革兰氏阳性菌，革兰氏阴性球菌和厌氧菌，常用的有泰乐菌素、替米考星、泰拉菌素、红霉素、吉他霉素、螺旋霉素、罗红霉素和阿奇霉素。该类抗生素毒副作用较小，安全性高，有轻微胃肠道反应和局部刺激作用，鸡皮下注射泰乐菌素有时仅发生短暂的颜面红肿，猪偶尔会见直肠水肿，皮肤红斑、瘙痒等，替米考星易引起心动过速和收缩力减弱，禁止静脉注射，20mg/kg肌肉注射可引起大部分实验猪死亡，除牛外，其他动物慎用注射给药。
4.2 配伍禁忌
大环内酯类药物的理化配伍禁忌常见的是与氯化钙、氯化钠合用出现浑浊沉淀，与磺胺、碳酸钠注射液混合使用有沉淀，并析出游离碱，本类抗生素同样会被Vb2、Vc破坏失效，忌与酸性物质合用。大环内酯类会降低林可霉素的抗菌效应，也会降低β-内酰胺类抗生素的快速杀菌作用，临床治疗时不宜同用。阿司匹林与本类药物配伍使用时，会降低后者的抗菌疗效，卡那霉素、磺胺类和氨茶碱都会增强大环内酯类药物的毒性作用，配伍时须慎重，而大环内酯类抗生素与磺胺类、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类配伍使用，疗效有增强或相加作用。
5、酰胺醇类（氯霉素类）
5.1 氯霉素类的毒副作用
氯霉素类 ( Fenicols)抗生素包括氯霉素、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素。氯霉素已禁用，氟苯尼考为动物专用抗生素。该类抗生素抗菌谱广，对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌以及支原体都有较强作用，该类抗生素毒副作用主要有三个方面：免疫毒性、繁殖毒性和血液毒性，氟苯尼考具有较强的免疫抑制作用，疫苗接种期或免疫功能缺陷的畜禽禁止使用该药，该类药物有胚胎毒性，建议留种畜禽及妊娠期、哺乳期动物慎用该药，特别妊娠前、中期忌用，氟苯尼考还具有可逆的红细胞生长抑制作用，但无再生性障碍贫血作用。
5.2 氯霉素类的配伍禁忌
氟苯尼考与四环素类（金霉素，强力霉素，土霉素等）联合使用，具有协同作用，常用于治疗呼吸道疾病或者预防呼吸道病的保健，与新霉素和黏菌素配伍使用，也具有协同作用，常用于畜禽肠道和呼吸道混合感染的治疗与预防，而与β-内酰胺类抗生素、大环内酯类、呋喃类和喹诺酮类相互拮抗，疗效降低，与林可霉素也有拮抗作用，氟苯尼考不宜与磺胺类、氨茶碱等碱性药物联合使用，氟苯尼考拮抗Vb6，使机体对Vb6的需要量增加，亦能拮抗Vb12的造血作用。
6、磺胺类
6.1 磺胺类的毒副作用
磺胺类药物是一类具有对氨基苯磺酰胺结构药物的总称，有广谱抗菌性，性质稳定，使用方便，价格低廉。常用有磺胺嘧啶，磺胺二甲嘧啶，磺胺间甲氧嘧啶，磺胺氯吡嗪，磺胺六甲氧嘧啶，甲氧苄啶等。该类抗生素都有一定肾毒性和肝毒性，易在肾小管中析出结晶，引起血尿、尿痛、尿闭等症状，使用疗程不宜太长，同时配合等量小苏打使用，期间多饮水，还可导致黄疸、肝功能减退，严重者可发生急性肝坏死，故有肝功能损害患者宜避免磺胺药的全身应用。磺胺药还会抑制骨髓造血功能，引起中性粒细胞减少或缺乏症、血小板减少症及再生障碍性贫血。该类抗生素还有一方面易被大家忽视的毒性，磺胺药多可以穿过胎盘屏障至胎儿体内，易引起叶酸摄取障碍，有一定致畸作用，怀孕母畜和幼畜慎用，怀孕前期最好不用。
6.2 磺胺类的配伍禁忌
磺胺类药物属于碱性药物，与酸性药物如青霉素类、Vc、四环素类、硫酸阿托品、盐酸普鲁卡因、葡萄糖和葡萄糖酸钙注射液等混合使用，会析出沉淀或者疗效降低，须分开使用，禁止与人工盐、硫酸钠、石膏等含硫的药物和拉沙菌素、莫能菌素、盐霉素等抗球虫药物同时使用，氯化钙、氯化铵、氯霉素类和红霉素类会增加本类药物的毒性作用，避免同时使用。磺胺类抗生素与氨基糖苷类配伍使用，有协同作用，但两者都有较强的肾毒性，临床上慎重合用，抗菌增效剂如TMP、DVD与磺胺类有协同作用，临床上最好配伍使用，大环内酯类与本类药物也有协同作用，猪场保健多使用这种配伍，磺胺类药物使用注意首次加倍，疗程适宜，3-5天最好，不能太长，最多不超过7天。
7、喹诺酮类
7.1 喹诺酮类的毒副作用
喹诺酮类（4-quinolones），又称沙星类或吡啶酮类，是指一类具有4-喹诺酮环结构的药物。常用的有诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星等。喹诺酮类抗生素临床使用安全，毒副作用较小，偶见过敏反应，有轻微胃肠道反应和神经毒性，也有一定的肝肾毒性，临床上大家应该重视该类抗生素的抑制幼儿软骨发育的毒性作用，可引起跛行和畸形，故幼蓄、孕蓄和哺乳期尽量少用或不用，幼畜避免长期使用；
7.2 喹诺酮类的配伍禁忌
喹诺酮类与四环素类一样，易与金属阳离子如Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Al3+等结合，形成不容络合物，从而影响了药物的吸收，故不宜与含这些金属阳离子的药物合用，与非甾体类药物如水杨酸钠、吲哚乙酸、邻氨基苯甲酸和吡硅酮类药物合用，会加剧中枢系统毒性，喹诺酮类特别是依诺沙星有抑制肝药酶P450代谢的作用，从而会导致依靠此类药酶代谢的氨茶碱、咖啡因柯柯碱等嘌呤类生物碱代谢障碍，血药浓度上升，临床上出现明显的毒副作用，喹诺酮类蛋白结合率较高，与华法令合用，会使游离的华法令增多，引起抗凝过度，凝血时间延长而出血。喹诺酮类与大环内酯类、氯霉素类和呋喃类配伍使用有拮抗作用，疗效减弱，与青霉素类、磺胺类、氨基糖苷类和四环素类有协同作用，配伍使用疗效增强。
8、林可胺类
常用的有林可霉素、克林霉素、杆菌肽和黏菌素。该类抗生素毒副作用较小，有轻微的心血管反应、胃肠道反应以及神经肌肉阻断作用，不宜与止泻药合用，会导致腹泻加剧和时间延长。
林可胺类与Vb、Vc混合使用，会出现浑浊，并失效，属于理化配伍禁忌，与磺胺类药物氨茶碱等碱性药物合用，也会浑浊失效，氯霉素类与本类药物有拮抗作用，而四环素类和喹诺酮类与本类药物有协同作用，多配合使用，与大观霉素
9、多肽类
多肽类抗生素是一类具有多肽结构的化学物质，动物常用的有杆菌肽，多粘菌素，恩拉霉素和维杰尼霉素。该类药物比较安全，全身应用有轻微肾毒性和神经肌肉阻断效应。阿托品新霉素和庆大霉素与本类合用，毒性作用增强，多肽类与四环素类喹诺酮类磺胺类合用疗效增强。
10、其他类抗生素
10.1 聚醚类抗生素：常用有海南霉素、莫能霉素、盐霉素和马杜霉素，主要用于抗球虫和促生长。该类抗生素安全范围窄，易发生中毒，中毒后无特效解毒药，与泰妙菌素、竹桃霉素和某些磺胺药配伍易发生中毒反应，故临床上禁止这些配伍，该类药物对机体的免疫力有较强的抑制作用，但停药后可恢复。
10.2 截短侧耳素类：常用有泰妙菌素和沃尼妙林，毒性较低，无三致作用，猪应用过量可导致流涎、呕吐和中枢抑制。
10.3 喹噁啉类：乙酰甲喹常用，又称痢菌净。该类抗生素有较强的遗传毒性，对生殖机能和胚胎发育有抑制作用，种猪慎用；还有免疫器官毒性，损害造血系统。
The English version
With the rapid growth of economy, people's living standard and quality enhances unceasingly, China's livestock and poultry breeding industry get rapid development, livestock and poultry disease also is changing, however, more and more complex, become the number one enemy, hindering the development of the aquaculture continued current "vaccines and antibiotics" is still a vast farming people of poultry and animal disease prevention and control of the main mode and means of antibiotics became the livestock and poultry disease after the help of the grass, it is widely used in farming, but antibiotics is also a double-edged sword, its side effects brought by the harm is often ignored by people, improper use not only useless, but bring huge losses, the author gives a brief overview of the side effects of all kinds of commonly used antibiotics and compatibility taboo, for everybody in the prevention and treatment of clinical disease to provide the reference.
1, the beta lactam type
1.1 beta lactam type of side effects
Beta lactam class of antibiotics (beta lactams) refers to the chemical structure of beta lactam ring a major types of antibiotics, including clinical penicillin and cephalosporin class of the most commonly used, and the head of the new development of drug classes, sulfur, doxycycline, monocyclic beta lactam etc other atypical beta lactam antibiotics. Such antibiotics has strong bactericidal activity, low toxicity, wide indications and clinical efficacy of good advantages. The side effects of this class of antibiotics is small, use safety on livestock and poultry, in the use of this class of sodium or potassium high-dose intravenous antibiotics, pay attention to the onset of high blood sodium, potassium, when treated with penicillin leptospirosis can cause symptoms due to pathogens death, usually called Hector's reaction.
1.2 compatibility taboo
Beta lactam antibiotics are mainly penicillin and cephalosporin class, the class of drugs and acidic drugs such as chlorpromazine hydrochloride, tetracycline class of sodium bicarbonate injection and alkaline drugs such as sulphonamide, used in combination, will sink decomposition failure, will be high levels of alcohol oxidants such as potassium permanganate, heavy metal salts and damage failure, will also be Vb1, Vb2, and Vc damage and failure. Beta lactam antibiotics with fast bacteriostatic agent such as tetracycline, chloramphenicol share, antibacterial effect is abate, because beta lactam antibiotics mainly hinder the third stage of cell wall synthesis, in the bacteria multiply rapidly has strong sterilization effect, and rapid bacteriostatic agent is hampering the protein synthesis, inhibit the growth of bacteria, the bacteria quickly enter the stationary phase, if must be used in combination, for when the order is to use beta lactam first class of antibiotics, 3-5 hours to use fast bacteriostatic antibiotic, and tetracycline, large ring lactone class and Lincoln bacteriostatic antibiotic combination, such as, the same antibacterial effect is abate, joint use is not recommended.
2, aminoglycoside
2.1 aminoglycoside antibiotics harmful side effects
Aminoglycoside antibiotics (Aminoglycosides) is made up of amino sugars and amino alcohol through oxygen bridge connection of nucleoside antibiotic, belongs to the stationary phase of antiseptic medicine, the main effect on gram-negative bacteria, commonly used mainly, streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, gentamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin and ample. The side effects of antibiotics is bigger, familiar to everyone who has ears toxicity and kidney toxicity and muscle blocking effect, unfavorable use for a long time, livestock and poultry renal failure as far as possible avoid the use of these drugs. This class of antibiotics has large damage to the intestinal villus, take orally can cause double infection, treatment appropriate to take orally, the drug can also through the placenta into the fetal tissue, has teratogenic effect, mid and late pregnancy sow with caution.
2.2 compatibility taboo
Aminoglycoside antibiotics will be strong acid, alkali solution and strong oxidant potassium permanganate (Vc), reductant, damage and failure belongs to the physical and chemical compatibility taboo, this kind of drug toxicity is stronger, avoid similar drug compatibility, in order to avoid toxic enhancement, and basic drugs such as baking soda and aminophylline share enhanced antibacterial function, but also enhance toxicity and compatibility with discreet, share, and diuretic increases its nephrotoxicity, and polymyxin E share, can lead to skeletal muscle relaxation. Aminoglycoside antibiotics and beta lactam drugs used in combination with synergy, the portfolio in clinical application, and quinolone classes and more peptide antibiotics, increase curative effect, weakens and chloramphenicol antibacterial function.
3, the tetracycline class
3.1 tetracycline antibiotics side effects
Tetracycline class of antibiotics (tetracycline antibiotics) is a kind of structure produced by actinomyces contain tetracene basic skeleton of broad spectrum antibiotics, commonly used have chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, etc. This class of antibiotics biggest characteristic is easy to combine with calcium phosphate, deposition to the teeth and bones, inhibit bone normal growth and development, and easy through the placenta and breast milk, pregnancy, lactation, and careful assistance accordingly. This class of antibiotics with mild gastrointestinal reaction, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and kidney damage, especially in late pregnancy, liver dysfunction and failure of livestock and poultry try not to choose the class of antibiotics, also easy to cause intestinal flora imbalance, induce secondary infection, use time shoulds not be too long, should do after treatment with this class of antibiotics and care about probiotics regulate gastrointestinal.
3.2 compatibility taboo
Tetracycline drugs generally acidic, cannot be used with alkaline drug compatibility, share will reduce the tetracycline class curative effect, tetracycline class under the condition of stomach acid solubility is bigger, isoelectric point of tetracycline for ph = 5.5, solubility minimum near the isoelectric point, using sodium bicarbonate, gastric ph increases, thus reduce tetracycline solubility, affect the absorption of the tetracycline, tetracycline to avoid calcium salt by iron or containing metal ions, Ca, Mg, Al, Bi, Fe and other medicines, easy cationic complex formation, greatly reduce drug absorption, and aminophylline, olaquindox and sulfa basic drug combination can decompose fails, compatibility shall be forbidden to use, and the large ring lactone class, chloramphenicol and polymyxin b share to enhance curative effect, clinical compatibility can be used, ammonium chloride can make urine acidification, enhancement of tetracycline in the treatment of urinary system.
4, large ring lactone class
4.1 the side effects of large ring lactone class
Large ring lactone class antibiotic is a kind of molecules contain alicyclic within 14-16 yuanta ring structure of antibiotic, mainly applies to aerobic gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, commonly used have tylosin, for m star test, tara rhzomorph, erythromycin, kitasamycin, spiramycin, luo erythromycin and azithromycin. This class of antibiotics less side effects, high safety, can be mild gastrointestinal tract reaction and local stimulation, only happen when the injection under the skin ty le bacterium known as temporary facial redness and swelling, pigs occasionally meet with rectal edema, skin erythema, pruritus, etc., for m star test easy cause tachycardia and contraction force is abate, intravenous injection, 20 mg/kg muscle injection can cause most of the experimental pigs died, in addition to cattle, careful with injected other animals.
4.2 compatibility taboo
Large ring lactone class of drugs in the physical and chemical compatibility taboo is a common and share appear cloudy precipitate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride injection mixed with sodium carbonate and sulfanilamide, precipitation, precipitation and free alkali, this class of antibiotics will also be destroyed by Vb2, Vc, avoid acid and share. Large ring lactone class would reduce the antibacterial effect of clindamycin, would also reduce beta lactam class of antibiotics rapid bactericidal effect, clinical treatment should not be with you. Aspirin with this class of drug compatibility, reduces the latter antibacterial efficacy, kanamycin, sulfa and aminophylline can enhance the toxic effects of large ring lactone class of drugs, compatibility must be cautious, and large ring lactone class antibiotic and sulfa, aminoglycoside and quinolone compatibility, curative effect is enhanced or additive effect.
5, amide alcohols (chloramphenicol)
The side effects of chloramphenicol 5.1 class
Chloramphenicol (Fenicols) antibiotics including chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol and fluorine thiamphenicol toxin. Chloramphenicol has been disabled, fluorine benzene nicol, dedicated to the animals antibiotics. This class of antibiotics antibacterial spectrum is wide, the gram positive bacteria and negative bacteria and mycoplasma has a stronger effect, this class of antibiotics toxicity mainly has three aspects: the immune toxicity, reproduction toxicity and blood toxicity, fluorine benzene nicol, have stronger immune inhibition, vaccination period or immune function defects of livestock and poultry ban the use of the drug, the drug has the embryo toxicity, suggested stallion of livestock and poultry and animal with caution during pregnancy, lactation, the drug before pregnancy, medium-term avoid is used a particular, fluorine benzene nicol, also has a reversible red blood cell growth inhibition, but no regeneration barrier anemia.
5.2 chloramphenicol class compatibility taboo
Fluorobenzene nicol, and tetracycline class (chlortetracycline, and doxycycline, terramycin, etc.) used in combination, with synergy, often used in the treatment of respiratory diseases or prevent respiratory disease care, and neomycin and slime molds element combination, also have synergy, commonly used in livestock and poultry intestinal and respiratory treatment and prevention of infection, mixed with beta lactam antibiotics, large ring lactone class, furan and quinolone mutual antagonism, curative effect is reduced, also has antagonism with clindamycin, fluorine benzene nicol, unfavorable and sulfa, aminophylline and other basic drugs used in combination, fluorine benzene nicol, antagonism Vb6, increase the body's requirement for Vb6, also can adersely affect b12 hematopoiesis.
6, sulfa
6.1 the side effects of sulfonamides
Sulfa drugs are a class of aminobenzene sulfonamide structure is the floorboard of the drug, has a broad spectrum antimicrobial properties, nature is stable, easy to use, low price. Commonly used sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine, sulfanilamide between oxygen pyrimidine, sulfanilamide chloride pyrazine, sulfanilamide liujia oxygen pyrimidine, methoxyl benzyl organism, etc. This class of antibiotics has certain nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, easy to precipitate crystallization in the renal tubules, cause the symptom such as hematuria, urinary pain, anuresis, use course shoulds not be too long, at the same time with the same use baking soda, water more during, also can lead to jaundice, liver function impairment, serious acute liver necrosis, can occur in liver function damage in patients with appropriate avoid sulphonamide is a general application. Sulphonamide also inhibits bone marrow hematopoietic function, cause neutropenia or deficiency, thrombocytopenia, and aplastic anemia. This class of antibiotics and easy to ignore the toxicity on one hand, more than sulphonamide can cross the placenta barrier to the fetus, easy cause folic acid intake disorders, have certain teratogenic effects, pregnant female and careful assistance, first trimester is best not to.
6.2 sulfa compatibility taboo
Sulfa drugs belong to alkaline, and acidic drugs such as penicillin, Vc, tetracycline, atropine sulfate, procaine hydrochloride, glucose and calcium gluconate injection, such as mixing, precipitation precipitation or less effective, should be used separately, ban and artificial salt, sodium sulfate, gypsum and other drugs containing sulfur and lassa rhzomorph, cephalosporins, salinomycin ball insect medicines used at the same time, such as calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, chloramphenicol and erythromycin can increase the toxic effect of this class of drugs, avoid to use at the same time. Sulfa antibiotics used with aminoglycoside compatibility, have synergy, but both have strong renal toxicity, share, careful clinical antibacterial synergist as TMP, DVD has synergism with sulfa, best clinical compatibility, large ring lactone class with this class of drugs also have synergy, pig care more to use this compatibility, sulfa drug use pay attention to the double for the first time, period of treatment is appropriate, 3 to 5 days is best, can't be too long, not more than seven days.
7, quinolone
The side effects of quinolone 7.1 class
Quinolone class (4 - quinolones), also known as the effect of a class or pyridine ketone, refers to a class 4 - drugs of quinolone ring structure. Commonly used with norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, sand and magnitude. Quinolones clinical use safety, toxicity is small, the occasional allergic reaction, with mild gastrointestinal reaction and neurotoxicity, have some liver and kidney toxicity, we should attach importance to this class of antibiotics restrain the toxic effects of early childhood development of cartilage, can cause a limp and deformity, so the baby grow, pregnancy and lactation storage, use or not use as less as possible assistance to avoid long-term use;
7.2 quinolone class compatibility taboo
Quinolone and tetracycline class, easy and metal cations such as Ca2 +, magnesium 2 +, Fe2 +, Al3 + is united in wedlock, form is not complex, which affect the absorption of the drug, it is unfavorable to contain these metal cation of medicines, with non-steroidal drugs such as sodium salicylate, indole acetic acid, anthranilic acid and pyrazole ketones medicines, exacerbate the central nervous system toxicity, quinolone class especially according to the north of sand has the effect of inhibiting liver medicine P450 metabolic enzymes, which can lead to rely on such drug metabolic enzymes of aminophylline, caffeine pp alkali purine alkaloid metabolic disorders, such as blood drug concentration increase, the side effects of clinically significant, quinolone class protein conjugation rate is higher, with share, warfarin can make free increase in the number of warfarin, the cause of excessive anticoagulation, prolong clotting time and bleeding. Quinolone with large ring lactone class, chloramphenicol and furan combination with antagonism, curative effect is abate, and penicillin and sulfa, aminoglycoside and tetracycline class have synergy, enhanced compatibility with curative effect.
8, forests amine
Commonly used lincomycin, clindamycin, bacitracin and slime molds. This class of antibiotics less side effects, with mild cardiovascular responses, gastrointestinal reaction and neuromuscular blocking effect, unfavorable and antidiarrheal share, will lead to diarrhea intensified and prolonged.
Forests amine mixed with Vb, Vc, can appear cloudy, and fails, belong to the physical and chemical compatibility taboo, with aminophylline and other basic medicines, sulfa drugs will be cloudy fails, chloramphenicol class with this class of drugs has antagonism, and tetracycline and quinolone synergy, with this class of drugs used to cooperate with more, and spectinomycin
9, polypeptide,
Polypeptide antibiotic is a kind of polypeptide structure of chemicals, animals commonly used with bacitracin, polymyxin, toxin and toxin d, Johnny. The drug is safe, the whole body application with mild renal toxicity and neuromuscular blocking effect. Atropine neomycin and gentamicin and classes share, toxic effect, polypeptide and tetracycline class quinolone sulfa share increase curative effect.
10 and other classes of antibiotics
10.1 polyether antibiotic: commonly used have hainan toxin, mo to doxycycline, salinomycin and madurai, mainly used for ball insect resistance and promote growth. This class of antibiotics security narrow range, easy to poisoning, poisoning after there is no specific antidote, and tai miao rhzomorph, oleandomycin, and some sulphonamide compatibility prone to toxic reaction, therefore to ban the compatibility, such drugs on the body's immunity has strong inhibitory effect, but can be recovered after drug withdrawal.
10.2 give ear truncated element class: commonly used have Thai cephalosporins and walter's clever Lin, low toxicity, no three, pig application can lead to excessive salivate, vomiting and central inhibition.
Evil moiety ketoneses 10.3 class: acetyl sinensis are commonly used, also known as dysentery bacteria net. This class of antibiotics has the strong genetic toxicity, has inhibitory effect to the reproductive function and embryonic development, breeding pigs with caution; And toxicity of immune organ, damage the hematopoietic system.
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