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我们在计算教保配方的时，充分考虑到了断奶仔猪的营养需求，精细计算了各种原料的配比，添加许多高营养、高蛋白成分。可为什么在实际生产中大部分仔猪断奶后都会出现生长停滞、腹泻、恢复缓慢、免疫力下降等情况？最根本的原因是忽视了仔猪断奶后消化道结构及功能的变化，配出的饲料不符合断奶期仔猪的消化生理特点。那么如何解决这一问题呢？正确的思路是如何配制出符合断奶期仔猪消化功能变化的饲料，如何提高饲料的消化吸收率？易消化、能吸收才是根本，否则再多的营养也无济于事，还会适得其反。而生物饲料更加符合断奶期消化生理的变化，可有效解决这方面的问题。
一、仔猪断奶后的消化道会有哪些变化？
1、小肠绒毛萎缩
仔猪断奶后，小肠细胞的形态结构发生显著变化，主要表现、隐窝变深，造成小肠的吸收面积大大降低，严重影响营养的吸收。21日龄仔猪断奶5天后，肠绒毛高度降低了50%。断奶后11天肠隐窝深度明显增加，同时，肠上皮细胞刷状缘的蔗糖酶、乳糖酶、异麦芽糖酶、海藻糖酶等活性下降，这些变化可导致肠道营养物质消化不良。而当未消化的营养物质到达大肠时，被微生物利用，产生甲烷、硫化氢、尸胺、腐胺等有害物质，刺激肠蠕动加快，引起肠道渗透压升高，最后导致腹泻。
造成仔猪断奶后肠绒毛萎缩最根本的原因是能量、蛋白质采食不足。饲料中的抗原、微生物等也可导致隐窝深度增加，造成绒毛萎缩。
2、消化道pH升高
仔猪断奶后，胃内酸度显著下降。乳仔猪胃内泌酸能力较弱，断奶后又失去了乳糖的来源，使消化道内的pH值显著升高。断奶2天胃内pH值升高尤为显著，断奶越早对仔猪胃内酸度影响越大，21天、28天断奶的仔猪，胃内pH值恢复到3.5的时间分别为2周和1周。断奶还会明显影响到整个消化道的pH值，具体见下表：
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断奶后天数
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0
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3
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6
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10
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胃
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3.8
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6.4
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6.1
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6.6
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十二指肠
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5.8
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6.5
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6.2
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6.4
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空肠
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6.8
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7.3
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7.3
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7.0
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回肠
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7.5
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7.8
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7.8
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8.1
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由于断奶仔猪胃酸不足，胃蛋白酶原不能被充分激活，造成胃蛋白酶的活性降低，对日粮中的蛋白质的消化率相应下降。另外，胃酸还能限制细菌由胃向小肠十二指肠迁移，所以，胃酸分泌不足，细菌大量迁移致小肠，会导致消化系统菌群紊乱。
3、内源性消化酶的活性低
仔猪断奶对各种消化酶的活性影响特别大，几乎所有的消化酶活性都会下降。新生仔猪的乳糖酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶水平较高，但断奶后却明显下降。哺乳期的仔猪消化道内源酶的分泌量原本不高，胃内仅有凝乳酶、胃蛋白酶，且含量仅为成年猪的1/3~1/4。同时，胃底腺不发达，不能分泌足够盐酸。所以，胃蛋白酶活性较低，不能充分消化蛋白质，特别是植物性蛋白质。相关研究表明，仔猪4周龄断奶，7天后，胰脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、胰凝乳酶等活性下降到断奶前的1/3，除胰脂肪酶外，其他酶要经过两周才能恢复或者超过断奶前水平；空肠内容物中胰蛋白酶活性在断奶后第2天降低了50%，淀粉酶活性在断奶后第6天和第9天分别降低了50.8%和33.8%；哺乳仔猪0～5周龄期间肠道脂肪酶活性几乎逐周成倍增加，但21天或28天断奶时，脂肪酶活性停止增加，需要经过1周的恢复后才能重新增加，8周龄后仔猪消化道酶系统趋于正常水平。
4、肠道菌群失调
猪的消化道内存在数目庞大、种类繁多的微生物，其数量是体细胞的10倍，有30 多个属、500 多种微生物。正常情况下，微生物区系会随着外界环境和日粮的变化而在一定的生理范围内变动，但如果波动超过正常生理范围，就会引起生态失调。新生仔猪肠道微生物主要来自母猪阴道、粪便以及环境。哺乳仔猪以乳酸杆菌为优势菌群，pH维持较低水平。而断奶后由于仔猪胃酸、消化酶分泌不足和肠黏膜损伤等原因，导致肠道大肠杆菌、链球菌、肠杆菌等有害菌大量繁殖，甚至成为优势菌，造成肠道微生态系统失调。断奶第6天肠道内大肠杆菌较哺乳仔猪增加5.4%，断奶第9天乳酸杆菌数量较哺乳仔猪降低14.3%。肠道菌群平衡的被破坏会严重影响仔猪的消化功能，甚至造成腹泻。
4、免疫力降低，抗病力下降
仔猪获得免疫主要来自两方面，一是通过吮吸母乳获得被动免疫；二是在自然状态下仔猪自身免疫系统生成、发育而形成的主动免疫。初乳以IgG为主，约占80%，IgA占15%，IgM占5%；常乳以IgA为主，约占60%，IgG为30%。在仔猪产生的免疫球蛋白中，以IgM为主，IgA次之。IgG主要是在血清中起杀菌作用，可防止败血病。IgA的特点是能耐酶的消化，可附着在小肠内壁达12小时以上，抑制大肠杆菌活动，抗胃肠道疾病。IgM对控制革兰氏阴性细菌的效力最强。初乳中免疫球蛋白的含量虽高，但降低很快，如IgG的半衰期为14天，IgM5天，IgA2.5天。仔猪10日龄以后才开始自产免疫抗体，4～5周后才基本成熟。仔猪断奶期正处于被动免疫功能明显下降，而主动免疫尚未成熟的时期，我们把这一时期叫做免疫空白期。断奶应激还进一步会降低循环抗体水平，抑制细胞免疫力，显著降低了血液免疫球蛋白的数量，此时仔猪对病原的抵抗力最低，所以，断奶后的仔发病率较高。
二、生物饲料有助于仔猪平稳度过断奶期
正确的思路：配制断奶期饲料时充分考虑断奶期仔猪的消化功能的变化，选择具有维护肠道的正常结构与功能、增强免疫功能、容易消化吸收的生物饲料有助于仔猪平稳度过断奶期。
1、具体解决方案：新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物+酶解发酵水溶米糊
教槽料（开料到断奶后7-10天）：新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物添加量为2-5%，5%的酵母水解物可替代3%的血浆蛋白；酶解发酵水溶米糊8－10%。
保育料（断奶后7至10天到体重15至20kg）：新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物0.5－1%，酶解发酵水溶米糊3－5%。
2、为什么选用此方案？
选用新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物加酶解发酵水溶米糊的方案，主要是由断奶期仔猪消化生理的变化所决定的。“方案”的主要功能如下：
⑴供应易消化营养：新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物中含有50%以上的优质蛋白，其氨基酸平衡及标准氨基酸回肠消化率可与血浆蛋白粉媲美，不存在生物安全隐患。新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物中含有9%的核酸、核苷酸及丰富的游离氨基酸、小肽等都是断奶仔猪易消化的营养，适合断奶期蛋白酶降低的实际情况。
酶解发酵水溶米糊含由丰富的糊精、低聚糖、寡糖、双糖、单糖等梯度糖组成，消化能3560千卡，符合断奶仔猪乳糖酶活性迅速下降而淀粉酶活性尚未提高的特点，是乳糖与淀粉之间理想的过度能量来源，有风味好、易消化、能量高等特点。
⑵诱食作用强：新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物中的核苷酸、游离氨基酸等鲜味成分，可改善饲料风味，提高采食量。经过酶解发酵后的米糊，改善了风味，也有提高采食量的作用。
⑶促进肠绒毛生长：酵母核酸和酵母核苷酸，已被证实对动物的胃肠道发育有重要的作用，能加速肠细胞的分化、生长与修复；酶解发酵水溶米糊可迅速补充消化能量，促进肠绒毛生长，最大限度的减小断奶期肠绒毛的缩短，特别是对断奶期仔猪，消化酶活性下降的情况下，易消化能源更为重要。
⑷维持正常的肠道微生物体系。酵母水解物中的氨基酸、小肽等可为肠道益生菌提供营养，有利于益生菌的增殖，维持正常的微生物屏障。酵母细胞壁中的甘露聚糖，可以特异性的与病原菌表面结合，防止病原菌与肠粘膜上皮结合，防止肠炎及腹泻。甘露寡糖能显著抑制结肠、盲肠和直肠中大肠杆菌的增殖，促进结肠和直肠中双歧杆菌增殖，而且能与某些毒素、病毒和真核细胞的表面结合而作为这些外源性抗原的佐剂，减缓抗原的吸收。
⑸调整消化道pH值。酶解发酵水溶米糊中含有2%有乳酸，是优质的酸化剂，可有效防止因断奶期消化道pH值的升高，蛋白酶活性下降导致的消化不良等问题。同时促进有益菌生长。
⑹调节免疫功能，增强抗病能力。新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物中的核酸、功能性氨基酸、甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖等都是免疫调节剂，可全面提高断奶仔猪免疫功能，减少断奶期发病率。
⑺清除霉菌毒素及病原菌：新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物中的甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖具有结合病原菌、吸服霉菌毒素的作用。
“新鲜糖蜜酵母水解物+酶解发酵水溶米糊”功能总结：
实际应用效果：
使用时间：根据多次实验结果，得出如下数据：从断奶用到保育期结束，约40天。平均日采食量提高100g左右，平均日增重提高80－110g，料重比平均下降0.15左右，腹泻率平均下降15－30%，每增重1kg成本下降平均下降0.5元左右。仔猪主要表现为断奶期基本不消瘦，生长停滞期明显缩短，腹泻及其它病发病率明显下降。同时，生长潜力得到充分的发挥，为育肥期的快速生长打下良好的基础，可以缩短育肥期，降低料重比，对猪场整个生产水平的提高有着举足轻重的作用。
The English version
Our insurance in calculation formula, fully takes into consideration the nutritional needs of weaning piglets, calculated the ratio of various raw materials, adding many high nutrition, high protein components. But why most of piglets after weaning will appear in actual production growth stagnation, diarrhea, recovery was slow, immune system, and so on and so forth? The most fundamental reason is ignored the weaned piglets digestive tract after the change of the structure and function, and the feed is not in conformity with the weaning piglets digestive physiological characteristics. So how to solve this problem? The correct way of thinking is how to formulate the phase conform to weaning piglets digestive function change of feed, how to improve the digestion and absorption of feed? Easy to digest and absorb is the fundamental, otherwise no amount of nutrition also of no help, also be counterproductive. The biological feed more in line with the weaning period of digestive physiological changes, which can effectively solve the problems.
A, what are the changes of alimentary canal after weaning piglets will?
1, small intestinal villus atrophy
Piglets after weaning, intestinal cells, morphological structure changed significantly, mainly, fossae darker, due to the small intestine absorption area is greatly reduced, the serious influence the absorption of nutrition. 21 days of age weaning piglets after 5 days, intestinal villus height was reduced by 50%. 11 days after weaning intestinal crypt depth increased, at the same time, the intestinal epithelial cells of brush border sucrase, lactase, isomaltose enzyme, trehalose enzyme activity decline, these changes can lead to intestinal nutrients indigestion. And when undigested nutrients reaches the large intestine, by microbial utilization of methane, hydrogen sulfide, cadaverine, harmful material such as putrescine, stimulate peristalsis, cause intestinal osmotic pressure increases, resulting in diarrhea.
The causes of shrinking after weaning piglets in the most fundamental is the insufficient energy feed, protein. Feed the antigens, microbes can also lead to crypt depth increase, cause wool shrink.
2, the digestive tract pH rise
Piglets after weaning, the stomach acidity dropped significantly. Milk piglet gastric acid secretion ability is weak, follow-up and lost a source of lactose, significantly increased in the digestive tract of pH value. Weaning higher pH 2 days the stomach is especially significant, the earlier weaning effect on piglet gastric acidity, the greater the 21 days, 28 days weaned piglets, gastric pH value to 3.5 time of 2 and 1 weeks respectively. Weaning will significantly affect the whole digestive tract of pH value, see the table below:
Days after weaning The stomach The duodenum jejunum The ileum
0 3.8 5.8 6.8 7.5
3 6.4 6.5 7.3 7.8
6 6.1 6.2 7.3 7.8
10 6.6 6.4 7.0 8.1
Because of a shortage of weaned piglets hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, pepsin, cannot be fully activated, which reduces the activity of pepsin, digestibility of the protein in the diet reduced. In addition, the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice could also limit bacterial duodenal migration from the stomach to the small intestine, so lack of gastric acid secretion, bacteria, a large number of migration to the small intestine, will cause the digestive flora disorder.
3, low endogenous digestive enzyme activity
Piglets weaned on extremely large effect of the activity of digestive enzymes, almost all digestive enzymes activity will decline. Newborn piglets lactase, lipase and protease level is higher, but significantly decreased after weaning. Lactation piglets digestive tract secretion of endogenous enzymes was not high, only rennet, pepsin, stomach and content is only 1/3 ~ 1/4 into swine. At the same time, the underdeveloped fundic gland, cannot produce enough hydrochloric acid. So, pepsin activity is low, not fully digest proteins, especially plant sex protein. Related studies show that 4 weeks weaning piglets, after 7 days, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic rennin activity fell to a third before weaning, in addition to the pancreatic lipase, other enzymes to be after two weeks to recover or above before weaning level; Jejunum contents of trypsin activity in 2 days after weaning was reduced by 50%, amylase activity 6 and 9 days after weaning was reduced by 50.8% and 50.8% respectively; Lactation piglets intestinal lipase activity during 0 ~ 5 weeks of almost every week to multiply, but 21 days or 28 days weaning, lipase activity stops growing, after 1 week of recovery is needed to increase again, after 8 weeks of piglets digestive enzyme system returns to normal levels.
4, intestinal flora imbalance
A vast number of existence in the digestive tract pigs, a wide variety of microorganisms, their number is 10 times of a body, more than 30 genera, 500 kinds of microorganisms. Under normal circumstances, microflora may change with the external environment and diet within certain physiological changes, but if the fluctuations over the normal physiological range, it will cause ecological imbalance. The newborn piglets gut microbes come mainly from the sow the vagina, waste and environment. Lactation piglet with lactic acid bacteria as advantage bacterium group, its pH lower levels. And because after weaning piglets inadequate secretion of gastric acid, digestive enzymes and intestinal mucosa damage, lead to intestinal harmful bacteria such as e. coli, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterobacter multiply, even became dominant fungi, cause disorder of the intestinal micro ecology system. Weaned on the sixth day the intestines are e. coli, a 5.4% increase lactation piglet, lactobacilli number 9 days a lactation piglet weaning reduced by 14.3%. Intestinal flora balance destroyed will seriously affect the digestive function of the piglets, even cause diarrhea.
4, lowered immunity and disease resistance falls
Immunized piglets mainly from two aspects, one is passive immunization were obtained through the sucking milk; Second, under the state of nature's own immune system to generate piglets, development and formation of active immunization. Colostrum is given priority to with IgG, accounts for about 80%, IgA (15%), IgM (5%); Milk is given priority to with IgA, often accounts for about 60%, 30% IgG. In piglets produce immunoglobulin, give priority to with IgM and IgA. IgG is mainly in serum bactericidal effect, can prevent the septicemia. IgA is characterized by enzyme digestion, up to 12 hours can be attached on the inner wall of the small intestine, inhibition of e. coli activity, gastrointestinal disease resistance. IgM strongest on the effectiveness of the control of gram-negative bacteria. In colostrum immunoglobulins levels are high, but decreased quickly, has a half-life of 14 days, such as IgG IgM5 day, IgA2.5 days. Piglets after 10 days of age began to sell the immune antibody, 4 ~ 5 weeks after basic mature. Piglets weaned period is in passive immunity function declined obviously, and active immunization is not yet mature period, we call this period immune blank period. Weaned stress further lowers circulating antibody levels, inhibit cell immunity, significantly reduced the number of blood immunoglobulin, piglet resistance to pathogen lowest right now, so, after weaning of incidence of a disease is higher.
Second, the biological feed helps smooth out weaning piglets
Correct ideas: preparation weaning date full consideration when feed weaning piglets digestive function changes, select normal structure and function, strengthen the safeguarding of the intestinal immune function, easy digestion and absorption of biological feed helps smooth out weaning piglets.
1, the specific solutions: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate + enzyme fermentation water soluble rice paste
Teach tank material (expect) 7 to 10 days after weaning: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate add quantity is 2-5% and 5% of the yeast hydrolysate could replace 3% of plasma protein; Enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste 8-10%.
Conservation materials (7 to 10 days after weaning to 15 to 20 kg) weight: 0.5 1% fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate, enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste by 3-5%.
2, why choose this plan?
Using fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate with enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste, mainly determined by the phase weaned piglets digestive physiological changes. The main functions of the "solution" is as follows:
(1) supply digestible nutrition: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate containing more than 50% of the high quality protein, the amino acid balance and standard amino acid ileal digestibility can be rivalled with plasma protein powder, there is no biological safety hidden trouble. Fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate contained 9% of nucleic acids, nucleotides, and rich in free amino acids and small peptides are weaned piglets digestible nutrition, suitable for actual situation of the lower infant protease.
Enzyme fermentation water soluble rice paste containing the rich in sugars, dextrin, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, simple sugars, such as gradient of sugar, can absorb 3560 kilocalorie, conform to the weaning piglets lactase activity drops rapidly and the characteristics of amylase activity has yet to improve is excessive energy source of lactose and starch between ideal and has good flavor, easy to digest, and high energy etc.
2 food calling function: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate of nucleotide freshness, free amino acid composition, can improve the feed flavor, increase feed intake. After enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation of rice paste, improve the flavor, also has the effect of improving feed intake.
(3) promoting the growth of intestinal villus, yeast and yeast nucleic acid nucleotide, has been shown to animals gastrointestinal development has an important role, can accelerate intestinal cells differentiation, growth and repair; Enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste can quickly replenish their digestive energy, promote the growth of intestinal villus, and maximum reduce the weaning period shorten of intestinal villus, especially for weaning piglets, digestive enzyme activity decline, digestible energy is much more important.
(4) to maintain normal system of gut microbes. In the yeast hydrolysate amino acids and small peptides can provide nutrition for intestinal probiotics, probiotics proliferation, maintain normal microbial barrier. Mannan in yeast cell walls should be specific and pathogenic bacteria on the surface, prevent the pathogenic bacteria and intestinal mucosa epithelium, prevent enteritis and diarrhea. Dew oligosaccharides can significantly inhibit the proliferation of e. coli in the colon, caecum and rectum, promote the bifidobacterium proliferation in the colon and rectum, but also with some toxins, viruses, and the surface of the eukaryotic cells as the adjuvant of exogenous antigen, slow the absorption of antigen.
5] gastrointestinal pH adjustment. Enzyme solution of water soluble rice paste containing 2% lactic acid fermentation, is high-quality acidulant, which can effectively prevent because of infant gastrointestinal pH value increases, protease activity decline lead to problems such as indigestion. At the same time promote the growth of bacteria.
[6] adjust immune function, enhance disease-resistant ability. Fresh molasses yeast nucleic acid in the hydrolysate, functional amino acids, mannan, beta glucan is immune modulators, weaning piglets can improve immune function, reduce the incidence of weaning period.
Once clear mycotoxin and pathogenic bacteria: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate of mannan, beta glucan has combined with pathogen, XiFu mycotoxins.
"Fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate + enzyme fermentation water soluble rice paste" function:
The actual application effect:
Use time: according to the experimental results for many times, it is concluded that the following data: use the conservation period from weaning, about 40 days. Increased average daily intake of about 100 g, average daily gain increase 80-110 - g, weighs about 0.15 lower than the average, diarrhea rate of 15-30% decline in the cost of each weight 1 kg down an average drop of 0.5 yuan. Piglets mainly for weaning period basic not angular, stunted growth period shortened obviously, significantly lower incidence of diarrhea and other disease. At the same time, the growth potential is fully play, to lay a good foundation for the fattening period of rapid growth, can shorten the fattening period, reduce material weight ratio, the pig raising the level of the whole production has a pivotal role.
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